Pafupifupi tsiku lililonse, teknoloji yatsopano imatuluka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mutha kuyesa malingaliro osiyanasiyana ndikupanga zatsopano zabwino. Anthu akale ankawona kuti uwu ndi mwayi, choncho amamanga chinachake ndikuchita bwino pa chilichonse chimene anapeza.
Dziko lapansi lili ndi zinthu zambiri chifukwa cha zotukuka zakale. Iwo anachita zazikulu, ndipo ntchito yawo yatukula dziko. Anthu tsopano amasangalala ndi zotsatira za malingaliro awo odabwitsa. Lero, tikambirana za zinthu za ku Sumeriya zochokera ku chitukuko cha Mesopotamiya.
Anthu a ku Sumer ankadziwika kuti anapanga zinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri
Asimeriya anali anthu oyamba ku Mesopotamiya kukhala m'mizinda yodziyimira payokha yokhala ndi makoma ozungulira. Anthu ankaganiza kuti anali olemera kwambiri komanso opanga zinthu, ndipo chikhalidwe chawo chimaphatikizapo ulimi, malonda, ndi nyimbo. Kulembako kunali chinthu chofunikira chomwe Asimeriya adabwera nacho. Iwo anabwera ndi njira yolembera yotchedwa pictographs.
Izi zinali zithunzi zojambulidwa pamiyala kapena pamiyala, zomwe pambuyo pake zinasandulika kukhala cuneiform, njira yolembera. Njira yolembera ya ku Sumeriya inali ndi ndondomeko yolembera kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, koma izi zinasintha pakapita nthawi kuti zilembedwe kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja. Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 2800 BC, anthu ankagwiritsanso ntchito mawu olankhula. Chabwino, chimenecho chinali chiyambi chabe. Asimeriya anabwera ndi zinthu zina zambiri zodabwitsa, chimodzi pambuyo pa chimzake.
Kupanga mkuwa
Mkuwa unagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yoyamba ndi Asimeriya. Mkuwa unali umodzi mwa zitsulo zoyamba zomwe sizinali zamtengo wapatali. Umboni wofukulidwa m'mabwinja umasonyeza kuti anthu adaphunzira momwe angatengere mkuwa kuchokera pansi ndikuugwiritsa ntchito zaka 5000 mpaka 6000 zapitazo. Mwa kuphunzira kupanga mkuwa, iwo anathandiza kwambiri kukula kwa mizinda monga Uruk, Sumer, Uri, ndi al Ubaid ku Mesopotamiya.
Anthu a ku Sumer ankagwiritsa ntchito mkuwa popanga mitu ya mivi, malezala, nkhokwe, ndi zinthu zina zing’onozing’ono zambiri. Kenako anayambanso kupanga miphika yamkuwa, mbewa, ndi mitsuko. Asimeriya anali aluso kwambiri popanga zinthu zimenezi. Masiku ano, kupanga zinthu zamkuwa kwafika pamlingo watsopano, koma a Sumeri anali oyamba kuyamba kupanga zinthu zamkuwa.
Time
Ngakhale kuti aliyense ankadziwa za usana ndi usiku, Asimeriya anali oyamba kugawa nthawi m'madera osiyanasiyana. Iwo anaonetsa dziko mmene milungu, miyezi, ndi zaka zimapitilila. Asimeriya amagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lotchedwa "base 60" kuti adziwe malo a nyenyezi. Aliyense ku Eurasia ankakonda ndi kuvomereza zimene anachita.
Wheel
Mutha kuganiza kuti gudumu ndi lingaliro lachikale, koma sizili choncho. Idapangidwa cha m'ma 3500 BCE ku Mesopotamiya, nthawi yochedwa kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Anthu anali atayamba kale kulima mbewu ndi kuweta ziweto monga ziweto. Analinso ndi dongosolo linalake. Asimeriya anali anthu oyamba kupanga mawilo ndi matabwa.
Ankasonkhanitsa zipikazo n’kuzigudubuza kuti zikhale zosavuta kusuntha zinthu zolemetsazo. Pang’ono ndi pang’ono, ankangoyang’ana mmene ngoloyo ikuyendera kenako kuboola pafelemu ya ngoloyo kuti apeze malo. Pamapeto pake, amaika mawilo Pamodzi kupanga galeta. Masiku ano, gudumuli limagwiritsidwa ntchito pamayendedwe padziko lonse lapansi.
Njira Yachiwerengero
Chinthu china chofunika kwambiri chimene Asimeriya anapanga chinali njira yowerengera. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba m'zaka za chikwi chachitatu BCE ndipo ankatchedwa Sexagesimal. Ababulo akale ndi maiko ena analigwiritsa ntchito. Anthuwo adatulukira ndi ganizoli chifukwa ankafunika njira yoti azisunga bwino mbewu zomwe amagulitsa.
M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, anayamba kulemba nambala wani ndi timikono tadongo tating’ono. Momwemonso, mpira umatanthauza khumi, ndi dongo lalikulu limatanthauza makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Anapanga chitsanzo chosavuta cha abacus ndi dongosolo la manambala ozikidwa pa 60. Pano, manambalawo ankawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito nsonga 12 zamkuwa pa dzanja limodzi ndi zala zisanu kumbali inayo.
Bwato
Anthu a ku Sumer ankapanga mabwato chifukwa ankawafuna zaka 5,000 zapitazo. Iwo ankafuna thandizo kuti akweze bizinesi yawo yamalonda. Choncho, kuti aziyenda mosavuta pamadzi, anapanga mabwato amatabwa ndi gumbwa omwe anali opepuka komanso osavuta kuyenda.
Matangawo anali amizeremizere ndipo anali opangidwa ndi nsalu. Linali bwato wamba. Mabwato amenewa ankathandiza pa ntchito zamalonda ndi zamalonda, koma ankathandizanso pa ulimi wothirira ndi kusodza. Zimaganiziridwa kuti chinali chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zinathandiza anthu a ku Mesopotamiya kumanga ufumu waukulu.
zida
Anthu amaganiza kuti Asimeriya ndi amene anali oyamba kupanga zida, koma zikhalidwe zina zinafafaniza. Chifukwa chakuti nthaŵi zonse kunali kumenyana pakati pa mizinda ya Sumer, iwo anapanga zida zimene zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri pambuyo pake. Magareta, malupanga a chikwakwa, ndi nkhwangwa zamkuwa, zomwe zinasintha m’kupita kwa nthaŵi n’kukhala nkhwangwa zolasa, zonsezi zinali zida zothandiza kwambiri.
Monarchy
Pafupifupi 3000 BC, Sumer ndi Egypt onse adapeza mafumu awo oyamba. Chilimwe, “dziko la anthu akuda,” linafunikira mtsogoleri woti azitsogolera anthu ambiri okhala kumeneko. Ansembe ankayendetsa madera amenewa m’mbuyomu, koma analibe mphamvu zenizeni. Izi zinayambitsa lingaliro la monarchy, momwe mtsogoleriyo anali kuyang'anira ndi udindo kwa anthu omwe ankakhala m'madera a Sumerian m'tsogolomu.
Kalendala ya mwezi
Anthu aku Sumer akuganiziridwa kuti ndiwo anthu oyamba kupanga kalendala yoyendera mwezi. Kalendala imeneyi yazikidwa pa magawo obwerezabwereza a mwezi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti magawo a mwezi ankagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera miyezi 12. Asimeriya anali ndi nyengo ziwiri, chilimwe ndi chisanu, ndipo miyambo yopatulika yaukwati inkachitika pa tsiku loyamba la chaka chatsopano.
Anagwiritsa ntchito magawo a mwezi kuwerengera chaka monga miyezi 12. Ndipo, kuti athetse kusiyana pakati pa nyengo za chaka chino ndi chaka, anawonjezera mwezi umodzi chaka chilichonse chotsatira chaka chotsatira zinayi. Chinthu chabwino kwambiri n’chakuti zipembedzo zina zimagwiritsabe ntchito kalendala yoyendera mwezi imeneyi masiku ano.
Kodi Ur-Nammu
Lamulo lakale kwambiri lomwe lidakalipobe linalembedwa pamiyala yadongo m’chinenero cha ku Sumeri kumapeto kwa zaka chikwi chachitatu BCE. Lamuloli limatipatsa chithunzithunzi cha mmene chilungamo chinachitidwira m’dziko la Sumeriya kalekalelo.
Board Game
Masewera achifumu a Uri, omwe amatchedwanso The Game of Twenty Squares, anali masewera a board ochokera ku Mesopotamiya wakale omwe adaseweredwa cha m'ma 2500 BCE. M'zaka za m'ma 1920, Sir Leonard Woolley anakhazikitsa zotsalira zake. Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ya British Museum of London idakali ndi imodzi mwa matabwa awiriwa. Awa anali amodzi mwamasewera otchuka komanso akale kwambiri a board, koma anthu awiri amatha kusewera.
