Kodi munayamba mwadzifunsapo momwe timadziwira zambiri za chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale ya Aigupto? Yankho lagona pa kupezeka kwa Mwala wa Rosetta mu 1799. Kupeza mwayi kumeneku kunapereka chinsinsi chotsegula chinsinsi cha zolemba za Aigupto, zomwe zimalola akatswiri kuti amvetsetse chinenero chomwe chinali chinsinsi kwa zaka mazana ambiri.
Mwala wa Rosetta unamasulira lamulo la Demotic, chinenero cha Aigupto akale a tsiku ndi tsiku, ku Greek ndi hieroglyphics. Kutulukira kochititsa chidwi kumeneku kunatsegula chitseko cha chidziwitso chochuluka chokhudza chitukuko chakale, kuyambira chikhalidwe chawo ndi ndale kupita ku zikhulupiriro zawo zachipembedzo ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Masiku ano, timatha kuphunzira ndi kuyamikira chikhalidwe cholemera cha Aiguputo chifukwa cha khama la akatswiri omwe anamasulira hieroglyphics pa Rosetta Stone.
Mofanana ndi zolemba zakale za ku Aigupto, kwa zaka zambiri, zolemba za Elamite zakhala chinsinsi kwa akatswiri ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale. Kalembedwe kameneka kameneka, kamene kanagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Aelami m’dziko limene masiku ano ndi Iran, kadasokoneza ofufuza kwa zaka zambiri ndi zilembo zake zovuta komanso tanthauzo lake. Koma zotsogola zaposachedwa pakumasulira script zapereka chiyembekezo kuti zinsinsi za mzere wa Elamu zitha kuwululidwa.
Mothandizidwa ndi luso lamakono komanso gulu lodzipereka la akatswiri, zidziwitso zatsopano za chinenero chakalechi zikuwonekera. Kuchokera pamalingaliro opezeka muzolemba ndi zinthu zakale kupita ku ma aligorivimu apakompyuta apamwamba, chithunzithunzi cha mzere wa Elamite chikuphatikizidwa pang'onopang'ono. Ndiye, kodi asayansi aphwanya malamulowo?
Gulu la ofufuza, omwe ali ndi membala aliyense wochokera ku yunivesite ya Tehran, Eastern Kentucky University ndi yunivesite ya Bologna yomwe ikugwira ntchito ndi wofufuza wina wodziimira payekha. adanena kuti adazindikira Ambiri mwa chilankhulo cha Chiarani chotchedwa Linear Elamite. M’nkhani yawo yofalitsidwa m’magazini ya chinenero cha Chijeremani yotchedwa Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, gululo likufotokoza ntchito imene anachita pofuna kumasulira zitsanzo za chinenero chakale chimene chapezedwa ndi kupereka zitsanzo za malemba amene anawamasulira m’Chingelezi.
Mu 1903, gulu la akatswiri ofukula za m’mabwinja a ku France linafukula mapale ena olembedwa mawu pamalo amene anakumba pa phiri la Acropolis ku Susa ku Iran. Kwa zaka zambiri, akatswiri a mbiri yakale ankakhulupirira kuti chinenero chimene chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mapalewo chinali chogwirizana ndi chinenero china chotchedwa Proto-Elamite. Kafukufuku wotsatira wasonyeza kuti mgwirizano pakati pa ziwirizi ndi wovuta kwambiri.
Chiyambireni nthaŵi yopezedwa koyamba, zinthu zambiri zapezedwa zolembedwa m’chinenero chofanana—chiŵerengero chonse lerolino chiri pafupifupi 40. Pakati pa zopezedwa, zodziŵika kwambiri ndizo zolembedwa pamiyendo ingapo yasiliva. Magulu angapo aphunzira chinenerochi ndipo achitapo kanthu, koma zambiri za chinenerocho sizikudziwikabe. Pakuyesayesa kwatsopano kumeneku, ochita kafukufuku adatengera komwe magulu ena ofufuza adasiya ndipo adagwiritsanso ntchito njira zatsopano zofotokozera script.
Njira zatsopano zomwe gululo linagwiritsa ntchito pakuchitapo kanthu kwatsopano kumeneku, zinaphatikizapo kufananiza mawu ena odziwika mu cuneiform ndi mawu opezeka mu Linear Elamite script. Amakhulupirira kuti zilankhulo zonsezi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kumadera aku Middle East nthawi imodzi, motero, payenera kukhala maumboni ogawana monga mayina a olamulira, maudindo a anthu, malo kapena zolemba zina pamodzi ndi mawu wamba.
Ofufuzawo adayang'ananso zomwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi zizindikiro, osati mawu, akuyang'ana kuti apereke matanthauzo kwa iwo. Pazizindikiro 300 zomwe adatha kuzizindikira, gululo lidapeza kuti adatha kupatsa 3.7% yaiwo ku mabungwe ofunikira. Komabe, iwo akukhulupirira kuti amvetsetsa zambiri za chinenerocho ndipo aperekanso matembenuzidwe ena a malemba pa miphika yasiliva. Chitsanzo chimodzi, "Puzur-Sušinak, mfumu ya Awan, Insušinak [mwina mulungu] amamukonda."
Ntchito ya ochita kafukufukuyi yakumana ndi zokayikitsa za anthu ena ammudzi chifukwa cha zochitika zosiyanasiyana zozungulira ntchitoyi. Malemba ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magwero, mwachitsanzo, nawonso amakayikira. Ndipo zinthu zina zosonkhanitsidwa zokhala ndi zolembedwa m'zilankhulozo mwina zidapezedwa mosaloledwa. Komanso, wolemba wogwirizana pa pepalalo wakana zopempha kuti afotokoze za ntchito yomwe gululo linachita.
