Ku Japan kuli malo ena akale ochititsa chidwi kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zikuphatikizapo zipinda za maliro, maguwa a nsembe, ndi nsanja zamwala zomwe zimatchedwa "nyumba zobisika" kapena "nunobas". Zotsirizirazi ndi mtundu wa mipanda yodzitchinjiriza yomangidwa ndi anthu amtundu wa Ainu kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Jōmon. Nyumba zapaderazi, zopangidwa ndi anthu, zimapezeka pafupifupi ku Hokkaidō mokha ndipo zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito posaka komanso ngati nsanja zoyang'anira kuti awone omwe angakhale oukira.
Koma si zokhazo zomwe Japan yabisala mobisa. Pali malo ambiri odabwitsa a megalithic omwe amwazikana m'dziko lino kotero kuti zingakhale zosavuta kulemba omwe alibe! Kuchokera pamiyala yayikulu kupita kuzipinda zosamvetsetseka zojambulidwa m'miyala yolimba, zinsinsi zobisika zobisika ku Japan sizikusowa.
Kupeza kwachilendo kwa Ishi-no-Hoden megalith - njira yakale
Pafupi ndi mzinda waung’ono wa ku Japan wa Takasago, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anali kuchita kafukufuku wa miyala pamene anawona mwala waukulu womwe unali wosakhazikika mokhazikika. Ataunika chinthucho mosamala kwambiri, asayansiwo anazindikira kuti kutsogolo kwawo kunali mwala wolemera matani pafupifupi 600. Malinga ndi malingaliro ena, tikukamba za "makina akale" obisika.
Tsiku lenileni limene anapeza silinalembedwe, koma liyenera kuti linali kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 19. Malongosoledwe operekedwa, komabe, akusonyeza kuti megalith inkawoneka bwino ngakhale asanatulukidwe ndi ofukula zinthu zakale ndi ofufuza. Komabe, kuphunzira kwina kwa megalith kumakhala kovuta pazifukwa zamakhalidwe abwino. Nyumba ya amonke ya Chishinto inamangidwa moizungulira. Malowa amadziwika kuti Ishi-no-Hoden.
Ngakhale ndi kuyang'anitsitsa kowonekera, megalith ya Ishi-no-Hoden imafanana ndi chidutswa chachikulu kuchokera ku njira yovuta kwambiri. Kutuluka kwa prismatic kunasiyidwa pa imodzi mwa ndege zake - sizingakhale zomveka kuganiza kuti spike (dzino la giya) idapangidwa kuti ilowetsedwe mu makina.
“Olemba chinthuchi anachotsa miyala yambirimbiri pamwalapo n’kuipukuta kuti ingowala ngati kalilole. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, sitinapezeko miyala yapafupi pafupi.” —Dr. Kaoru Tokugawa, Osaka University
Pamphepete mwa megalith palinso ma grooves, omwe, malinga ndi ena a theorists, amathanso kusuntha mwala wokha pamodzi ndi anzawo mumpangidwe wokulirapo. Chiphunzitsochi chikuwoneka chotsimikizika kuchokera ku chiyembekezo cha mawonekedwe achilendo a megalith.
Malinga ndi ambiri, chithandizo chapamwamba cha megalith ya Ishi-no-Hoden sichikuwoneka ngati ntchito yamanja; m'malo, mtundu wina wa zida zamakina zidagwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe sizimatha kupukusa, koma pogaya mwala wolimba. Koma mafunso, komabe, amayambitsidwa ndi cholinga cha mwala wodabwitsa, womwe ofufuza ambiri odziyimira pawokha amatcha "kiyi".
Pali zongopeka ndi zongopeka zambiri kumbuyo kwa miyala yodabwitsayi, yomwe yochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi "zimphona zakale".
Zimphona zakale ndi megaliths ya ku Japan
Zimphona nthawi zambiri zimawonekera mu nthano za ku Japan. Palinso nthano kuti heyday ya chikhalidwe chawo ndi chitukuko chinagwera pa 40-60 zikwi zapitazo. Amakhulupirira kuti Asuka Park yomwe ilipo tsopano inali likulu, ndipo mwina likulu la izi chitukuko chisanachitike chigumula wa zimphona.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti sayansi yovomerezeka idalemba miyalayi m'zaka za m'ma 6 kapena 7 AD, koma maphunziro atsatanetsatane sanachitidwe, ndipo kuwunikaku kunaperekedwa potengera zinthu zakale zapakhomo zomwe zimapezeka m'derali. Chifukwa chake, zomanga zamwala zitha kukhala zakale kwambiri, ndipo zida zomwe zidapezeka zitha kukhala zachitukuko chamakono cha ku Japan.
Pokhapokha pagawo la paki amakonzedwa megaliths zaka masauzande ambiri ndipo kulemera kwa matani 350 mpaka 1500. M'malo mwake, midadada yayikulu yotere imafanana ndi Baalbek, pomwe midadada yayikulu kwambiri yokhala ndi (mwina) makina opangira zidapezekanso.
Kuganiza kuti katswiri wakale wanzeru adaganiza zodula chithunzi chosatheka kuchokera pamwala waukulu amawoneka ngati masewera olimbitsa thupi opanda nzeru komanso opusa. Kuphatikiza apo, asayansi odziwika bwino amati Japan ndi umodzi mwamatukuko akale, koma osati kukhala zaka makumi masauzande.
Pamenepa, nthano zimabwera kudzatenga mbali yake. Zimphona zimafotokozedwa kuti ndi anthu abwino osangalala, milungu ya anthu ndi mbadwa za milungu ndi akazi aumunthu. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti motifs angapezeke mu nthano za zikhalidwe zambiri zakale, poganizira zitukuko ndi nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Monga ngati poyamba pa Dziko Lapansi panali anthu onga anyani pamodzi ndi mbadwa za milungu.
Katswiri wina wamaphunziro am'deralo dzina lake Isura Masazuki akuti Asuka Park ilibe ma megaliths okha, koma tsatanetsatane wa zida zakale za miyala. M'malo mwake, mawonekedwe oterowo amafanana ndi zigawo zina zazikulu komanso zovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa chake funso la zimphona zongoyerekeza limawonekera kwambiri mokomera zenizeni zawo.
Ndani anamanga mapiramidi a Giza? Nanga anamangidwa bwanji ndendende?
Zaka 5,000 zapitazo, Aigupto akale angakhale ndi njira yachinsinsi yopangira mapiramidi a Giza. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amakhulupirira kuti miyala ikuluikuluyi inatengedwa kuchokera ku miyala imene inali pamtunda wa makilomita mazanamazana n’kukasonkhanitsidwa pamalopo, mothandizidwa ndi akapolo komanso zipangizo zakale zooneka ngati T.
Kumanga mapiramidi a Giza ndi phunziro losangalatsa kwambiri la momwe sayansi, teknoloji ndi masamu zimakhalira pamodzi. Mapiramidi ndiwo okhawo akale omwe amadziwika kuti ankagwiritsa ntchito midadada yodulidwa ndendende yolemera matani 80 iliyonse.
Ma block awa samalumikizana bwino, koma akuwoneka ngati mtundu wina waukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri. Ambiri amadabwa ngati ntchito yoteroyo inali kotheka popanda zida zamakono. Ngati ndi choncho, zinatheka bwanji?
Pali malingaliro ambiri pa momwe mapiramidi anamangidwira, koma onse amalephera kuzindikira chenicheni. Ndipo palinso malingaliro ochulukirapo a momwe adamangidwira pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosavuta monga zotola ndi zodzigudubuza.
N’kutheka kuti anamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo ndi mawilo, koma zimenezi sizikanatha kuwerengera molondola midadadayo. Akadasamutsidwanso pamalowa pogwiritsa ntchito ma ramp kapena masileji, koma izi zikanapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti agwirizane bwino.
Kapena miyalayo inkakhoza kukwezedwa ndi midadada ndi zingwe.
Kumanga megaliths ya Ishi-no-Hoden ndi Asuka Park kunali kovuta kwambiri
Ngakhale kuti zimenezi n’zochititsa chidwi, ndi chinthu chimodzi pamene mapiramidi a ku Iguputo anamangidwa kuchokera ku timiyala tating’ono ting’ono, ndipo n’chinthu chinanso kupanga chinachake kuchokera m’zigawo zolemera matani 1,000, zimene zinachitika m’mabwalo ambiri a ku Japan.
Kupatula izi, palinso manda omwe akuganiziridwa kuti ali ku Asuka Park. Tsoka ilo, palibe zotsalira za anthu kapena zinthu zapakhomo zomwe zidapezeka, koma bedi lokha limatalika mamita 4.5 ndi 1.8 metres zomwe mwachiwonekere si za thupi lamunthu. Zithunzi zina zosonyeza zimphona zazikulu zimazokotedwa mwala pa megaliths angapo. Ena amakhulupirira kuti imodzi mwa miyalayi imasonyeza mapu a nyumba ya nyenyezi ya milungu, malinga ndi mtundu wina, izi ndi zokhudza moyo wa zimphona.
Mawu omaliza
Yankho la funso loti ndani anamanga megaliths akale a ku Japan silikudziwikabe, koma izi sizikuletsa zongopeka. Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti zimphona kapena zolengedwa zakunja ndizomwe zidapanga izi. Ngakhale kuti palibe umboni weniweni wochirikiza chiphunzitsochi, ndithudi ndi lingaliro lokondweretsa kulingalira.
Pamapeto pake, izi zilibe kanthu kuti ndani kapena ndani amene ali ndi udindo pazomangamanga zosamvetsetsekazi, zikupitirizabe kudabwitsa akatswiri ndi kuchititsa chidwi anthu onse.
Mukuganiza chiyani? Kodi mukuganiza kuti ndi ndani adapanga ma megaliths akale a ku Japan? Kodi zimphona zinalidi ndi amene anachititsa zimenezi?
