Chitukuko cha Sao chinali chikhalidwe chakale chomwe chili ku Central Africa, kudera lomwe masiku ano lili ndi mayiko a Cameroon ndi Chad. Iwo anakhazikika m’mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Chari, womwe uli kum’mwera kwa Nyanja ya Chad.
Anthu amakono a Kotoko, fuko lomwe lili ku Cameroon, Chad, ndi Nigeria, amati ndi ochokera ku Sao wakale. Malinga ndi mwambo wawo, Sao anali mtundu wa zimphona zomwe kale zinkakhala kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Chad, pakati pa madera a kumpoto kwa Nigeria ndi Cameroon.
Zolemba zochepa za Sao
Mawu akuti 'Sao' ayenera kuti adalowetsedwa koyamba m'mabuku olembedwa m'zaka za zana la 16 AD. M’nkhani zake ziwiri (zonse zinalembedwa m’Chiarabu), The Book of the Bornu Wars ndi The Book of the Kanem Wars, Imam wamkulu wa Bornu Empire, Ahmad Ibn Furtu, anafotokoza za maulendo ankhondo a mfumu yake, Idris Alooma. .
Anthu omwe adagonjetsedwa ndikugonjetsedwa ndi Idris Alooma nthawi zambiri amatchedwa 'Sao', 'ena' omwe sankalankhula chinenero cha Kanuri (chinenero cha Nilo-Saharan).
Okhazikikawa, omwe mwina anali oyamba kukhala m'derali, amalankhula chinenero chimodzi kapena china cha Chadic, chochokera ku chisinthiko cha banja laling'ono la chinenero cha Central Chadic.
Zolemba za Ibn Furtu zimaperekanso chidziwitso cha momwe Sao adakhazikitsidwa. Kupatula umboni wosonyeza kuti adapangidwa kukhala mafuko a patrilineal, akuti Sao adapangidwa kukhala magulu apakati komanso apakati, motero akuwonetsa utsogoleri. Ndale zimenezi mwina zinkatchedwa mafumu kapena maufumu malinga ndi mmene zinthu zinalili.
Kuphatikiza apo, a Sao adalembedwa kuti amakhala m'matauni ang'onoang'ono omwe anali otetezedwa ndi ngalande zadothi ndi dothi, motero akuwonetsa kuti mwina adagwira ntchito ngati mizinda.
Pamene Idris Alooma ankayambitsa nkhondo zake zankhondo, matauni a Sao omwe anali pafupi kwambiri ndi malo apakati a Bornu anagonjetsedwa ndi kulowetsedwa m'chigawo cha Bornu. Komabe, amene anali m'mphepete mwa nyanja anali ovuta kulamulira mwachindunji, ndipo anagwiritsa ntchito njira ina.
M'malo mogonjetsa matauni awa, adaumirizidwa kukhala gawo laling'ono, ndipo woimira boma la Bornu adasankhidwa kukhala kuti aziyang'anira boma laderalo. Chifukwa chake kufotokozera kwina pakutsika kwa Sao kungakhale kudzera pakutengera.
Ethnographer ndi luso lochititsa chidwi
Ngakhale kuti Ibn Furtu wapereka chidziwitso cha masiku otsiriza a Sao, chiyambi cha anthuwa sichinakhudzidwe ndi wolemba mbiriyo. Munali m’zaka za zana la 20 zokha pamene akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anafuna kuyankha funso limeneli.
Mmodzi mwa akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anali Marcel Griaule, mtsogoleri wa French Dakar-Djibouti Expedition (1931-1933). Monga katswiri wa ethnographer, Griaule anachita chidwi ndi miyambo ya anthu omwe amakhala m'chigwa cha Chadic ndipo adasonkhanitsa nkhani zawo zapakamwa. Izi zidasinthidwa ndikusindikizidwa ngati Les Sao Legendaires.
Zinali chifukwa cha bukhuli pomwe lingaliro la 'Sao Civilization' kapena 'Sao Culture' lidapangidwa ndikutchuka. Lingaliro ili la 'chikhalidwe' linawonekera mu ntchito zaluso zopangidwa ndi anthu ake. Choncho, ulendo wa Griaule unali wokhudzidwa makamaka ndi kupeza zidutswa za zojambulajambula zopangidwa ndi Sao.
Griaule sanakhumudwe, popeza Sao inapanga chifaniziro chochititsa chidwi mu dongo, ziwiya zazikulu, zowotchedwa bwino za ceramic, ndi zokongoletsera zabwino zaumwini mu dongo, mkuwa, chitsulo, mkuwa wonyezimira ndi mkuwa (onani chithunzithunzi).
Pogwiritsa ntchito zolemba zakale, Griaule adatha kuthandizira zochitika za ethnohistorical zomwe zinakambidwa kale za kupambana kwa Sao. Zochitika za ethnohistorical izi zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito kutanthauzira umboni wofukulidwa m'mabwinja.
Njira yozungulirayi inanena kuti kusamuka ndi injini ya kusintha kwa chikhalidwe, ndipo sikunathandize kumvetsetsa kwathu za chiyambi ndi chisinthiko cha 'Sao Civilization'.
Zochita zamaliro a Sao
Umboni wofukulidwa pansi umasonyeza kuti Sao anaika akufa awo. Chizoloŵezi choyika mtembo mu malo a mwana wosabadwayo mkati mwa mbiya yadothi chinali kuchitika kuyambira zaka za 12-13th AD. Mtsuko wamalirowo unatsekedwa poika mtsuko wina kapena mphika waung’ono wa ovoid pamwamba. Komabe, mwambo umenewu unasiyidwa m’zaka za m’ma 15 pamene kuika maliro m’manda kunakhala chizolowezi.
Zofukula zatsopano zimapanga nthawi ya Sao ndipo zimagawidwa m'magulu
Njira yasayansi yowonjezereka idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka za m'ma 1960 pofukula Mdaga, ndipo lingaliro la 'Sao Civilization' yozikidwa pa zojambulajambula linathetsedwa. Zotsatira zakukumbako zidawonetsa kuti Mdaga idalandidwa kuyambira cha m'ma 450 BC mpaka 1800 AD.
Sizinali zotheka kulingalira za nthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito pansi pa mutu wa 'Sao Civilization', ndipo zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera ku Mdaga zidatsagana ndi zofukulidwa ku Sou Blame Radjil. Chitukuko cha Sao chinapezeka kuti sichinali gulu limodzi, koma linapangidwa ndi anthu ambiri omwe amakhala m'chigawo cha Nyanja ya Chad.
Komabe, zizolowezi zakale zimafa movutirapo, ndipo mawu oti 'Sao Civilization' akugwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano, ndi nthawi yake yakukhalapo yomwe imatchedwa 'kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC mpaka zaka za zana la 6 AD.'
Pazonse, pali malo opitilira 350 ofukula mabwinja a Sao omwe amaganiziridwa kuti akupezeka ku Chad ndi Cameroon. Malo ambiri omwe apezeka ndi opangidwa ndi zitunda zazitali zazitali kapena zozungulira.
Katswiri wofukula mabwinja ndi ethnologist, Jean Paul Lebeuf, adagawa malo a Sao omwe adaphunzira m'mitundu itatu. Awo a Sao 1 akuti ndi ang'onoang'ono, otsika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo opembedzera kapena miyambo. Zifanizo zazing'ono zimapezeka pamalowa.
Malo a Sao 2 anali ndi zitunda zazikulu zomwe zinali ndi makoma. Anali malo oika maliro ndipo zifanizo zambiri zimagwirizana ndi malowa. Pomaliza, masamba a Sao 3 akuganiziridwa kuti ndi aposachedwa kwambiri ndipo apanga zochepa, ngati zilipo, zofunikira.
Ngakhale kuti pakhala pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zapezedwa m'mbuyomu za ziboliboli ndi zojambulajambula za ku Sao, sitikudziwabe mbiri yachitukuko chakale chovutachi.
