Mu 2017, gulu la akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ndi ofufuza anapeza mzinda womwe unaiwalika kwa nthawi yaitali m’chigawo chakum’maŵa kwa Harlaa ku Ethiopia. Umadziwika kuti 'City of Giants' wakale, womwe unamangidwa cha m'ma 10 BC. Zomwe anapezazo zinapangidwa ndi gulu lapadziko lonse la akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale, kuphatikizapo ofufuza ochokera ku yunivesite ya Exeter ndi bungwe la Ethiopian Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation Authority.
Mizinda ikuluikulu yomangidwa ndi kukhalidwa ndi zimphona ndi nkhani yankhani zingapo komanso nthano. Miyambo ya madera angapo amene analekanitsidwa ndi nyanja zazikulu zonse zimasonyeza zimenezo panali zimphona zomwe zinkakhala pa Dziko Lapansi, ndipo zomangidwa zambiri zakale zazaka zosiyanasiyana zimawonetsanso kukhalapo kwake.
Malinga ndi nthano za ku Mesoamerican, Quinametzin anali mtundu wa zimphona zomwe zidapatsidwa ntchito yomanga. mzinda wanthano za Teotihuacán, amene anamangidwa ndi milungu ya dzuwa. Kusintha kwa mutuwu kungapezeke padziko lonse lapansi: mizinda ikuluikulu, zipilala, ndi nyumba zazikulu zomwe zinali zosatheka kuti anthu wamba amange panthawi yomwe zimamangidwa, chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi.
M’chigawo chino cha Ethiopia, n’zimene zimachitikadi. Malinga ndi kunena kwa anthu a masiku ano, nyumba zazikulu zomangidwa ndi midadada ikuluikulu zinazungulira malo a Harlaa, zomwe zachititsa kuti anthu ambiri azikhulupirira kuti poyamba paja munali “Mzinda wa Zimphona” wodziwika bwino. Anthu am'deralo apeza ndalama zochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana, komanso zoumba zakale zakale, akuti m'zaka zapitazi. Anapezanso miyala yomangira ikuluikulu yomwe anthu sakanatha kuisuntha popanda kugwiritsa ntchito makina amakono.
Mfundo yakuti nyumbazi zinamangidwa ndi anthu wamba zinkaganiziridwa kuti sizingatheke kwa nthawi yaitali chifukwa cha zinthuzi. Zinthu zingapo zodziwika bwino zidapezeka chifukwa chofukula tawuni yakalekale.
Mzinda wotayika ku Harlaa
Akatswiriwa anadabwa kwambiri atapeza zinthu zakale zochokera kumadera akutali. Zinthu zochokera ku Egypt, India, ndi China zidapezedwa ndi akatswiri, kutsimikizira kuti derali lili ndi luso lazamalonda.
Msikiti wochokera m'zaka za zana la 12, wofanana ndi womwe unapezedwa ku Tanzania, komanso gawo lodziimira la Somaliland, dera lomwe silinadziwikebe ngati dziko, linapezedwanso ndi ofufuza. Zomwe anapeza, malinga ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale, zikuwonetsa kuti panali mgwirizano wa mbiri yakale pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana achisilamu mu Africa nthawi yonseyi, ndipo
Wolemba zakale Timothy Insoll, pulofesa wa pa yunivesite ya Exeter, yemwe anatsogolera kafukufukuyu anati: “Zofukufukuzi zikutithandiza kusintha kamvedwe kathu ka nkhani ya malonda a m’dera lomwe anthu ofukula mabwinja a ku Ethiopia ankalinyalanyaza. Zomwe tapeza zikuwonetsa kuti derali linali likulu la malonda m'derali. Mzindawu unali malo olemera, opezeka padziko lonse lapansi opanga zodzikongoletsera ndipo zidutswa zidatengedwa kuti zikagulitsidwe kudera lonselo ndi kupitirira. Anthu okhala ku Harlaa anali anthu osakanikirana ochokera m’mayiko ena komanso anthu akumeneko amene ankachita malonda ndi anthu ena pa Nyanja Yofiira, ku Indian Ocean, mwinanso mpaka ku Arabian Gulf.”
Mzinda wa zimphona?
Anthu okhala m'dera la Harlaa amakhulupirira kuti akanangomangidwa ndi zimphona, malinga ndi zikhulupiriro zawo. Malingaliro awo ndi akuti kukula kwa midadada yomanga nyumbazi kuyenera kunyamulidwa ndi zimphona zazikulu. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti awa sanali anthu wamba chifukwa cha kukula kwa nyumbazo, komanso.
Kutsatira kuwunika kwa mitembo yopitilira mazana atatu yomwe idapezedwa m'manda am'deralo, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale adapeza kuti anthu okhalamo anali amtali wamkatikati, motero samawonedwa ngati zimphona. Akuluakulu achichepere ndi achinyamata adayikidwa m'manda omwe adapezeka, malinga ndi Insoll, yemwenso amayang'anira akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale omwe amagwira ntchito yofukula. Pa nthawiyi, onse anali aatali wamba.
Ngakhale kuvomereza zomwe akatswiriwa adapereka, anthu amtunduwu amasungabe kuti sakukhulupirira zomwe apeza ndipo amati ndi zimphona zokha zomwe zimatha kumanga nyumba zazikuluzikuluzi. Aka sikanali koyamba kuti sayansi yamakono imatsutsa nthano imene yakhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri kukhala nthano chabe.
Nanga n’ciani cimawapangitsa kukhala otsimikiza kuti zimphonazo zinali ndi udindo womanga nyumba za Harlaa? M'zaka zimenezi, kodi iwo anawonapo chilichonse? Sizili ngati akanakhala ndi cholinga chilichonse chopangira kapena kunama pa chilichonse chonga chimenecho.
Ngakhale kuti mandawa sapereka umboni wa kukhalapo kwa zimphona, izi sizimatsutsa kuti zimphonazo zinagwira nawo ntchito yomanga malowa. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anthuwa sanakwiridwe pamalo amodzi chifukwa amawaona ngati magulu akuluakulu komanso amphamvu. Ena amatsutsa.
