Anthu akhala akuchita chidwi ndi mapiramidi aku Egypt, ndipo ndizovuta kuwaimba mlandu chifukwa cha chinsinsi chozungulira chilengedwe chawo. Ambiri mwina sakhulupirira kuti chiwembucho chimamangidwa ndi alendo, koma pansi pamtima, anthu ambiri amadziwa kuti mapiramidi aku Egypt sanapangidwe ndi akapolo munjira wamba monga momwe ofufuza ambiri amanenera.
Chifukwa chake, kodi anthu zaka 4,000 zapitazo adamanga bwanji nyumba zazikulu kwambiri, zapamwamba kwambiri komanso zodziwika bwino padziko lapansi? Chinsinsi cha momwe mapiramidi adamangidwira mwina akuyandikira kuti ayankhidwe. Kodi makina adamanga mapiramidi aku Egypt?
Mu 440 BC, wafilosofi wachi Greek komanso wolemba mbiri yakale a Herodotus adalemba “Mbiri,” yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa zolemba zake zofunika kwambiri. Wolemba mbiri wamkuluyu amakambirana zolemba zakale ndi miyambo yaku Western Asia, North Africa, ndi Greece, kuphatikiza ndale, madera, ndi miyambo.
“Mbiri” inali yopambana kwambiri ndipo idakhazikitsa chimango chazofufuza zakale pachikhalidwe chathu. Komabe, ndizotheka kuti akubisala zowona zachinsinsi chomwe anthu akhala akuyesera kuthana nazo kwazaka zambiri m'mawu ake.
Chinsinsi chogwirizana ndi mapiramidi aku Egypt
Mapiramidi aku Egypt ndi zomangamanga zooneka ngati mapiramidi a zomangamanga omwe adamangidwa ku Egypt zaka zikwi zapitazo. Malinga ndi malipoti, kuchuluka kwa ma piramidi odziwika ku Aigupto kuli pafupifupi 118 kuyambira Okutobala 2021. Munthawi ya Kingdom Old ndi Middle, ambiri adamangidwa ngati manda a ma farao achifumu ndi anzawo.
Pyramid yoyamba ku Egypt idamangidwa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Farao Djoser nthawi yachitatu. Nyumba yomangidwa ndi miyala yomwe idakwera pang'onopang'ono inali kuyamba kwa zomangamanga - kusintha kwakukulu pachikhalidwe cha Aigupto wakale.
Pyramid Step of Djoser, mfumu yachiwiri ya Mzera Wachitatu, idamangidwa mkati mwa mpanda waukulu pamalo olamulira ku Saqqara, moyang'anizana ndi mzinda wakale wa Memphis.
Pyramid ya Djoser idamangidwa ku Saqqara, Egypt, pakati pa 2630 BC ndi 2611 BC ngati manda a Farao Djoser (kapena Zoser). Ngakhale kuti ndi nyumba yakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, nthawi zambiri imaphimbidwa ndi mapiramidi odziwika kwambiri ku Egypt.
Piramidiyo inali yayitali mamita 60, ndipo akuganiza kuti idamangidwa pang'onopang'ono, kuyambira ndi gawo lalikulu la maziko ake ndikutha ndi wachisanu ndi chimodzi womwe udatha pamsonkhano. Komabe, mpaka Sneferu atatenga mpando wachifumu pomwe piramidi idasinthidwanso. Mfumu iyi idamanga mapiramidi atatu, omwe adasinthiratu kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka mapiramidi aku Egypt.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, akatswiri amaganiza kuti Pyramid Yofiira, yomangidwa mu nyumba yachifumu ku Dahshur, idakhala ngati chitsanzo cha Pyramid Wamkulu waku Giza. Pakapita nthawi, ma Pyramid Aakuluwa adakhala malo odzaona alendo komanso amodzi mwa malo odziwika bwino okaona malo.
Komabe, palibe zolembedwa zomanga zawo zomwe zapezeka, komanso sanamveke bwino konse kuti ndi ndani ndi ndani amene anamanga nyumba zochititsa kasozi m'nthawi zakale. Palibe chisonyezero cha momwe adamangidwira m'mabuku akale achiigupto. Ichi chakhala chimodzi mwamalumbo ovuta kwambiri m'mabwinja, komanso pagulu lonse.
Mlingo wodabwitsa wa kulondola umasonyeza kuti mapiramidi anamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina
Amakhulupirira kuti pakubwera kwa Cheops, nyengo yatsopano yomanga mapiramidi idayamba. Jufu o Jéops, yemwe amadziwika kuti Cheops, anali farao wachiwiri wa mzera wachinayi wa Old Kingdom ku Egypt, wolamulira kuyambira 2589 BC mpaka 2566 BC.
Cheops amadziwika kuti adamanga Piramidi Yaikulu ya Giza, yomwe adamanga ndi womanga Hemiunu mkati mwa zaka 20 zosakhazikika. Herodotus akunena kuti:
“Cheops anamanga Piramidi Yaikulu ya ku Giza, mpaka anafika pochita uhule mwana wake wamkazi kuti apeze ndalama zomangira piramidi yake . . . Aigupto.”
Chifukwa palibe cholembedwa chomwe chidafukulidwa, akuganiza kuti ndi lingaliro chabe lovomerezedwa ndi akatswiri ofukula zamabwinja chifukwa palibe chikalata chovomerezeka nacho. Pyramid Yaikulu ya Giza ili ndi mphamvu yokwana 2,583,283 cubic metres, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yachitatu kukula kwambiri padziko lapansi potengera voliyumu, ngakhale ndiyokwera kwambiri pamamita 146.7.
Kulondola komwe Piramidi Yaikulu idapangidwira, komabe, ndichinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri komanso chosamvetsetseka kwa akatswiri omwe amachita nawo. Omwe amayang'anira kupanga mapiramidi adazichita molondola kwambiri kotero kuti ndizosatheka kukonzanso nyumbayi munthawi zamakono.
Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndichakuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zotsogola kwambiri m'mbiri yapadziko lapansi, ngakhale palibe zolembedwa zomwe zapezeka. Ndizotheka kuti pali mbiri yomwe ikufotokoza zoyesayesa zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zipangidwe, ngakhale zidatuluka zaka 2,000 pambuyo pake.
Herodotus ndi makina apamwamba
A Herodotus akukambirana za zida zamakono kapena makina omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga Pyramid Yaikulu ya Giza pantchito yake "Mbiri."
Malinga ndi zolembedwazo, kamodzi miyala yoyambira itayikidwa, "Makina" adalembedwa ntchito kuti ayike omwe adakwera pamwamba pake. Komabe, a Herodotus sakudziwika bwinobwino kuchuluka kwa makina omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapiramidi aku Egypt.
Otsatirawa ndi mawu ochokera ku 'The Histories':
"Piramidiyo idamangidwa pamakwerero, pamipangidwe yazomenyera, monga ena amatchulira, kapena mawonekedwe aatali, malinga ndi ena." Atayika miyala yamaziko, adagwiritsa ntchito makina kukhazikitsa miyala yotsalayo…
… Makina oyamba adazikweza pansi ndikukwera sitepe yoyamba. Pamwamba pa izi panali makina ena, omwe amatenga mwalawo ukafika ndikubweretsa ku sitepe yachiwiri, kuchokera komwe umakwezedwa kwambiri ndi makina ena achitatu.
Mwina anali ndi makina ochulukirapo popeza panali masitepe mu piramidi, kapena anali ndi makina amodzi okha omwe, chifukwa anali osunthika mosavuta, amasunthira kuchoka pagawo lina kupita linalo miyala ikakwera; Zonsezi zimaperekedwa, chifukwa chake ndimakambirana zonse ...
Olemba mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti a Herodotus adapeza izi kuchokera kwa ansembe omwe adakumana nawo ku Egypt. Kodi Herodotus amatanthauza chiyani ponena kuti: “Makina omwe adakweza miyala ndikuwayika m'malo awo”?
Mawu amene amamveka ngati chiphunzitso cha chiwembu kwenikweni analembedwa ndi mmodzi wa olemba mbiri otchuka kwambiri a anthu. Kodi ichi ndi cholembedwa chakale chaumboni chosonyeza kuti Aigupto akale anali ndi chichirikizo cha umisiri wapamwamba kwambiri umene sunadziŵike m’mbuyomo kapena kuti anali ndi luso lazopangapanga ndi chidziŵitso choposa nthaŵi yawo?
Izi zimabweretsa ngakhale kumapeto kuti ma piramidi onse apadziko lapansi adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida izi. Pali zotheka zingapo; mwina anthu omwe anali ndi udindo wobweretsa ukadaulowu adapita nawo ntchitoyi ikamalizidwa.
Izi zikhoza kufotokoza chifukwa chake palibe zochitika zomwe zapezeka. Kapangidwe kabwino ka mapiramidi achititsa ambiri kuganiza kuti anthu wamba sangathe kuzimanga paokha, ndipo ndemanga za munthu wodziwika bwinoyu zimangolimbikitsa malingaliro awa. Malingaliro anu ndi otani? Kodi makina adamangadi mapiramidi aku Egypt?
