Zambiri mwa kupita patsogolo kwamankhwala, zamankhwala ndi biology zamasiku athu ano, mwanjira ina, zakhala zikugwirizana ndi zoyeserera zina zomwe zimakhudza nkhanza zosaneneka. Ngakhale pakhala kuti asayansi akhala akugwira ntchito yotalikirapo kuchokera pamakhalidwe abwino, lero kupita patsogolo kumeneku kumapulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni chaka chilichonse.
Zachidziwikire, palinso enawo, zoyeserera zomwe sizinangothandiza koposa kudyetsa kukhumba mwazi kwamphamvu kwamisala yankhanza komanso yodwala, mdzina la sayansi. Tikukupemphani kuti mudziwe awiri mwa iwo zoyesayesa zankhanza kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu: Kuyesera kwa Tuskegee ndi kuyesa kwa syphilis ku Guatemala.
"Kuyesera kwa Tuskegee"
Poyerekeza kuti ndi imodzi mwazoyeserera zoyipa kwambiri m'mbiri, makamaka chifukwa cha kutalika kwake, mlandu wa Tuskegee Study wokhudza chindoko chosachiritsidwa mwa amuna akuda - wodziwika bwino monga "Tuskegee Experiment" - ndichidule pamachitidwe aliwonse azachipatala aku America.
Ichi ndi kafukufuku yemwe adapangidwa mu 1932 ku Tuskegee, Alabama, komwe kunachitika ndi gulu la asayansi ochokera ku US Public Health Service, momwe adafufuzira zovuta za syphilis mwa anthu ngati sathandizidwa. Pafupifupi amuna 400 okhala ndi mawonekedwe akuda, osagwirizana osaphunzira ochokera ku mbadwa za Afro komanso omwe ali ndi syphilis, adatenga nawo gawo poyesayesa kwachinyengo komanso kopanda tanthauzo popanda chilolezo.
Madokotala anawapeza ndi matenda abodza omwe amawatcha "magazi oyipa" ndipo sanalandire chithandizo, koma amangowona kuti amvetsetse momwe matendawo adasinthira mwanjira yomwe sanalandiridwe komanso ngati akuwopseza moyo.
Pomwe zidadziwika mu 1947 kuti penicillin amatha kuthana ndi matendawa, sanagwiritsidwenso ntchito ndipo mpaka 1972 (zaka 40 pambuyo pake), pomwe nyuzipepala idapangitsa kuti kufufuzaku kufalikire, pomwe aboma adaganiza zothetsa kuyesaku.
Izi zidakhala ndi zotsatirapo zabwino mzaka zitatha, chifukwa zidabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu pakutetezedwa kwalamulo kwa odwala komanso omwe akuchita nawo maphunziro azachipatala. Otsala ochepa omwe adapulumuka poyeserera izi adapepesa kuchokera kwa Purezidenti wakale Bill Clinton.
Kuyesera kwa syphilis ku Guatemala
Kuphatikiza pa zoyeserera za Tuskegee, asayansi osakhutitsidwa aku America, motsogozedwa ndi malingaliro omwewo odwala: a John Charles Cutler, adayesa syphilis ku Guatemala pakati pa 1946 ndi 1948, yomwe idakhala ndimaphunziro angapo ndi boma la United States, m'maiko aku Guatemala . Poterepa, madokotala adatengera nzika zaku Guatemala mwadala, kuyambira odwala amisala mpaka akaidi, mahule, asitikali, okalamba ngakhalenso ana ochokera kumalo osungira ana amasiye.
Mwachidziwikire, anthu opitilira 1,500 sanadziwe kuti ndi madotolo ati omwe adawayika kudzera mu inococation, atadwala chindoko, imodzi mwa matenda opatsirana pogonana koopsa. Akakhala ndi kachilomboka, amapatsidwa mankhwala ndi mankhwala angapo kuti awone ngati zingatheke kupewa kufalikira kwa matendawa.
Pali umboni kuti, mwa njira zina zomwe amafunsira opatsirana, madotolo amalipira omwe amachitidwa zachiwerewere ndi mahule omwe ali ndi kachilomboka, pomwe nthawi zina, bala limayambitsidwa pa mbolo ya wovulalayo kenako ndikupopera ndi zikhalidwe zamatenda a chindoko (Treponema pallidum).
Nkhanza zazikuluzikulu za kuyesaku, zomwe - monga za Tuskegee, mosakayikira zimakhudza kwambiri kusankhana mitundu - zidawononga anthu ambiri ku Guatemala mwakuti mu 2010, United States idapepesa pagulu, ndikuwunikanso nkhaniyi.
Izi zidachitika pa Okutobala 1, pomwe Secretary of State of the United States of America, a Hillary Clinton, limodzi ndi Secretary of Health and Human Services, a Kathleen Sebelius, adapereka chikalata chophatikizira kupepesa kwa anthu aku Guatemala komanso dziko lonse lapansi pazoyeserera . Mosakayikira, amodzi mwamalo oyipa kwambiri m'mbiri ya sayansi.
