Chitukuko chotukuka, chotukuka komanso champhamvu chikadakhalapo zaka masauzande ochepa mphamvu zazikulu zisanachitike padziko lapansi: Sumer ndi Egypt. Kuwerengera zakale komwe kumavomerezeka kumatha kukhala kolakwika kwathunthu chifukwa cha mapale atatu adongo omwe amapezeka ku Tartaria, Romania. Ngakhale kupezeka kumakhalabe motetezedwa kwambiri, akatswiri angapo ati pakadali pano palibe chifukwa chochitira manyazi.
Chifukwa chiyani mapiritsiwa adayambitsa chipwirikiti?
Tisanalankhule za Mapale osamvetseka a Tărtăria ndi zina zawo zachilendo, ndibwino kuti tidziwitse zochepa zomwe tikudziwa za mzinda wa Tartaria. M'malo mwake, Tartary amawerengedwa ngati dziko ndipo ena adawalembapo ngati ufumu wamphamvu komanso wamphamvu. Gawo lake linayambira kunyanja ya Caspian ndi mapiri a Ural mpaka kugombe la Pacific Ocean.
Mphamvu ndi chikoka cha Tartary amakhulupirira kuti `` zidapeputsidwa '' ndi masoka achilengedwe angapo, makamaka kusefukira kwamatope. Mwadzidzidzi, chitukuko chotsogola ichi chidasiya kukhazikika ndipo chidasowa mwachangu m'mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi - mwachiwonekere adangochotsa pamapu.
Nkhani yofananayo ikuti Atatari ndi ufumu wawo adaukiridwa ndi mayiko ena amphamvu omwe amafuna mphamvu zawo. Kuti apange dongosolo latsopano pamlingo wadziko lonse lapansi, mwanjira inayake (osadziwika) adayambitsa kusefukira kwamadzi komwe kunawononga dziko lonse la Tartary.
Chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zomwe Tartary ankasilira ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo chinali kupititsa patsogolo kwake chidziwitso cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo, kusiya kutsogolo kwa malo ambiri. Zinanenedwa kuti a Chitata anali ndi magetsi oyera m'mizinda yawo, yotengedwa mumlengalenga.
Midziyi inali ndi mitengo yamatawuni yomwe inali njira yopatsira magetsi opanda zingwe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito. Kutchulidwa kwatsopano kwa Tartary m'mabuku ovomerezeka ndi mamapu kungapezeke zaka za zana la 19 lisanakwane. Zikuwonetsedwa kuti mtunduwo udakhala kudera lonse la Siberia ndipo kutchulidwaku kumafotokozeredwa pazambiri zina.
Chinsinsi cha a Tabúas
Mu 1961, wofukula mabwinja Nicolae Vlassa adapeza miyala itatu yadothi makilomita 30 kuchokera mumzinda wa Alba Iulia, mdera lakale la Tartary. Mapiritsiwa analembedwa ndi zifaniziro zosiyanasiyana zovuta kumvetsetsa uthenga wolembedwa m'zilembo za Chisumeriya. Koma chomwe chiri chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi zaka za mbiri zoyambirirazo, izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pankhaniyi.
Kuyesedwa kwa chibwenzi cha Carbon-14 kumawunikira kuti mapiritsi a Tartary anali a 5,300 BC. Poterepa, lingaliro loti kulemba kunachokera ku Mesopotamiya ndi dzanja la Asumeri kumatha kutaya zowona zonse. M'malo mwake, chiyambi cha chitukuko chiyenera kupita pakatikati pa chigwa chosavomerezeka cha Eastern Europe.
Zomwe zimawoneka ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zofukulidwa m'mabwinja zakhala zokambirana komanso zokambirana. Kupeza zibwenzi kungachedwetse kulembedwa kwa zaka zoposa chikwi ndipo kungasinthe komwe adalemba, kuchokera ku Mesopotamiya kupita ku beseni la Danube. Chifukwa chake, kodi nkutheka kuti chitukuko chotukuka komanso champhamvu chidalipo zaka masauzande angapo asanafike maulamuliro akale kwambiri padziko lapansi: Sumer ndi Egypt?
Akatswiri ena ofufuza zinthu zakale ayesa kutsutsa nthano iyi ponena kuti mapiritsi a Tartary adawoneka chifukwa chakukhudzidwa ndi Asumeri chifukwa zizindikilo zomwe zidalembedwazo zikufanana ndi zomwe Asumeri anali kulemba bukuli.
Chifukwa cha ichi, zimaganiziridwa kuti zizindikirazo zidatengedwa kuchokera kwa iwo, ndipo nzika zakale zidazigwiritsa ntchito osadziwa tanthauzo lake. Koma asayansi akutsutsana ndi lingaliro lawo lomwe la mbiriyakale, popeza pafupifupi 5,500 BC, zolemba za Sumerian kunalibe, ndipo palibe umboni wotsimikizira izi mpaka lero.
Olemba mbiri adadabwitsanso pomwe adayesa kutanthauzira mapiritsiwo potengera chilankhulo cha Asumeri, ndikupezamo dzina la 'Saue', lomwe ndi lofanana ndi mulungu Usmu wodziwika pachikhalidwe cha Asumeri.
Ochita kafukufuku akutsutsana kuti zidatheka bwanji kuti nzika zaku Tartaria zilembe mu Sumerian pomwe, panthawiyo, dzina Sumeria silinkadziwikabe.
Wasayansi waku Russia a Boris Perlov amakhulupirira kuti Asumeri ndi Ababulo anali olungama “Ophunzira aluso”, amene anabwereka zilembo zojambulazo kuchokera ku zikhalidwe za Kum'maŵa kenako n'kuzisintha kukhala zilembo za cuneiform. Malinga ndi a Perlov, omwe adalemba zenizeni anali anthu aku Balkan osati Asumeriya.
Olemba mbiri ambiri sangakhulupirire kuti kuwerengera nthawi konsekonse kwa anthu kovomerezeka kwambiri ndi olemba mbiri yakale kukugwera chifukwa cha Ma tebulo atatu.
Zolemba ndi kumasulira kwa zaka masauzande ambiri ziyenera kuchotsedwa ndikulembedwanso. Zomwe tikudziwa pano, monga tidaphunzirira, kuphatikiza komwe anthu adachokera, ziyenera kutanthauziridwa.
