Pafupifupi zaka 2,500 zapitazo, panali "labyrinth" yayikulu ku Egypt yomwe, malinga ndi wolemba mbiri yakale wakale wachi Greek yemwe adaiona, "idaposa ma piramidi." Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, Great Labyrinth waku Egypt wakale amakhalabe nthano padziko lino lapansi, koma tsopano, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale akumba mbiri yotayika - zizindikilo zochititsa chidwi zakupezeka kwake.
Labyrinth Wamkulu wa ku Egypt wakale
Great Labyrinth waku Egypt wakale anali nyumba yayikulu, yazitali ziwiri. Mkati mwake, munali zipinda 3,000 zosiyana, zonse zolumikizidwa modutsa m'mizere yokhotakhota kotero kuti palibe amene angatuluke popanda wowongolera. Pansi, panali malo obisika omwe anali ngati manda a mafumu, ndipo pamwamba pake panali denga lalikulu lopangidwa ndi mbale yayikulu yamwala.
Olemba akale ambiri adaziwonera ndekha, koma zaka 2,500 pambuyo pake, sitikudziwa kwenikweni komwe kuli. Choyandikira kwambiri chomwe tapezapo ndi chimwala chachikulu chamiyala 300 mita chomwe ena amakhulupirira kuti kale inali maziko a Lost Labyrinth. Ngakhale, nkhani zapamwamba za kapangidwe kake zidatayika kwathunthu kupyola mibadwo.
Mpaka pano, palibe amene adakumba kapena kulowa mkati. Mpaka pomwe wina adzafike mu Labyrinth, sitidziwa ngati tapezadi chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri zokumbidwa pansi ku Egypt.
Chinsinsi chovumbulutsidwa ndi Herodotus
Kwa Herodotus, monga kwa Agiriki ambiri, Igupto anali dziko lomwe silinasiye kudabwitsika. Linali dziko lazikhalidwe zachilendo, zomera zachilendo ndi nyama komanso malo odziwika bwino koma, koposa zonse mwina, linali dziko lazopanga zokongola kwambiri.
Herodotus adadzionera yekha zozizwitsa zambiri zaku Egypt kuphatikiza Labyrinth yotayika ndipo adazifotokoza ndendende. M'buku lachiwiri lake 'Mbiri', Herodotus analemba za Labyrinth m'zaka za zana lachisanu BC:
“Izi ndaona, ntchito yoposa mawu. Pakuti ngati wina atasonkhanitsa nyumba za Agiriki ndikuwonetsera ntchito zawo, angawoneke ngati ocheperako poyesetsa komanso kuwonongera labyrinth iyi ... Ngakhale mapiramidi sangathe kunena, ndipo iliyonse inali yofanana ndi ntchito zamphamvu za Agiriki. Komabe labyrinth imaposa ngakhale mapiramidi.
Ili ndi makhothi khumi ndi awiri okutidwa - zisanu ndi chimodzi mzere moyang'ana kumpoto, zisanu ndi chimodzi kumwera - zipata za mulingo womwewo zikuyang'ana zipata za zinazo. Mkati, nyumbayi ili ndi zipinda ziwiri ndipo ili ndi zipinda zikwi zitatu, zomwe theka lake ndilobisalira, ndipo theka lina pamwamba pake.
Adandilowetsa m'zipinda zam'mwamba, ndiye zomwe ndikanene za iwo ndi zomwe ndawona, koma zapansi pa nthaka zomwe ndinganene za lipotilo, chifukwa Aiguputo omwe amawayang'anira sanandilole kuti ndiwawone, chifukwa Mulinso manda a mafumu omwe adapanga labu, komanso manda a ng'ona zopatulika.
Zipinda zam'mwamba, m'malo mwake, ndimawonadi, ndipo ndizovuta kukhulupirira kuti ndi ntchito ya anthu; ndime zododometsa komanso zovuta kuzimvetsa kuchokera kuchipinda kupita kuchipinda china komanso kuchokera kukhothi kupita kukhothi zinali zodabwitsa kwa ine, pamene timadutsa kuchokera kubwalo kulowa muzipinda, kuchokera kuzipinda mpaka tinyumba tating'onoting'ono, kuchokera pazinyumba kupita kuzipinda zambiri ndikupita kumabwalo ena ambiri.
Denga la chipinda chilichonse, bwalo, ndi nyumbayi lili ngati makoma amiyala. Makoma ake anali okutidwa ndi ziboliboli, ndipo khothi lililonse limamangidwa mwaluso ndi miyala yamiyala yoyera komanso mozunguliridwa ndi zipilala. ”
Kwa nthawi yayitali, malo enieni a Great Labyrinth sanadziwikebe. Popeza a Herodotus adayendera malo odziwika bwino a Labyrinth aku Egypt pafupifupi zaka 2500 zapitazo, nyumbayo idasoweka m'nthawi yayitali.
Zomwe Pulofesa Flinders Petrie anapeza
Mu 1888, Pulofesa Flinders Petrie mwina adapeza malo enieni a Labyrinth yaku Egypt ku Hawara. Maziko oyambilira adakwanira kuti kukula kwake ndikuwongolera kwa nyumbayo kukhazikike bwino. Labyrinth inali pafupifupi 304 mita kutalika ndi 244 mita mulifupi. Mwanjira ina, inali yayikulu mokwanira kukhala ndi akachisi akulu a Karnak ndi Luxor!
Hawara: Piramidi ya Pharaoh Amenemhat III
Amenemhat III anali wolamulira wamphamvu womaliza mu Mzera wa 12, ndipo piramidi yomwe adamanga ku Hawara, m'zaka za zana la 19 BC, akukhulupilira kuti idatcha dzina loti "Black Pyramid" lomwe limangidwa ndi wolamulira yemweyo ku Dahshur. Amakhulupirira kuti anali malo opumulira omaliza a Amenemhet. Ku Hawara kunalinso manda osasunthika (piramidi) a Neferu-Ptah, mwana wamkazi wa Amenemhet III. Manda awa adapezeka pafupifupi 2 km kumwera kwa piramidi yamfumu.
Kachisi wamkulu wam'manda yemwe anali moyandikana ndi piramidiyu amakhulupirira kuti ndiye anali maziko a nyumba zomwe zili ndi tambirimbiri komanso mabwalo otchedwa "labyrinth" a Herodotus, ndipo a Strabo ndi Diodorus Siculus.
Dahshur: Piramidi Yakuda & Pyramidion
Piramidi Yakuda idamangidwa ndi King Amenemhat III (1860-1814 BC) nthawi ya Middle Kingdom ya Egypt (2055-1650 BC). Ndi amodzi mwamapiramidi asanu otsala a mapiramidi khumi ndi anayi oyamba ku Dahshur ku Egypt. Amadziwika koyambirira “Amenemhet Ndi Wamphamvu,” piramidiyo idatchedwa "Piramidi Yakuda" chifukwa chakuda kwake, ndikuwoneka ngati phulusa.
Pomwe piramidi yakale kwambiri ku Egypt idamangidwa cha m'ma 2630 BC ku Saqqara, chifukwa cha mzera wachifumu wa King Djoser, Pyramid Wakuda anali woyamba ku Egypt kusungitsa pharao wakufayo ndi mfumukazi zake. Komabe, a Farao Amenemhat III sanaikidwe pano. Adaikidwa m'manda ku piramidi ya Hawara, Labyrinth yodziwika bwino poyambirira idayima pafupi ndi ichi.
Piramidi, yomwe ndi mwala wapamwala wa piramidi kapena obelisk, idakutidwa ndi zolemba ndi zizindikilo zachipembedzo. Zina mwa izi zidakopedwa, ndikupangitsa ochita kafukufuku kuti anena kuti piramidiyo sinagwiritsidwepo ntchito kapena idagwiritsidwapo ntchito adaipitsidwa panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Akhenaten.
Pyramidion, lomwe ndi mwala wapamwamba wa piramidi kapena obelisk, limatchedwanso mwala wa Benben. M'malingaliro achilengedwe amtundu wachipembedzo chakale cha Aigupto, Benben anali phiri lomwe lidachokera m'madzi akale a Nu pomwe mulungu wopanga Atum adakhazikika.
Mwala wapachiyambi wa Benben, wotchedwa dzina la chitunda, unali mwala wopatulika m'kachisi wa Ra ku Heliopolis. Anali malo pomwe kuwala koyamba kwa dzuwa kudagwera. Amaganiziridwa kuti anali otengera zipilala zamtsogolo ndipo miyala yamiyala yayikulu yamapiramidi yayikulu idapangidwa.
The mulungu wa mbalame Bennu, yemwe mwina anali kudzoza kwa mbalame yosafa Phoenix, analemekezedwa ku Heliopolis, kumene amati ankakhala pa mwala wa Benben kapena pamtengo wa msondodzi wopatulika. Miyala yambiri ya Benben, yomwe imakonda kujambulidwa ndi zifanizo ndi zolembedwa, imapezeka museums padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo piramidi ya "Pyramid Wakuda" ndi amodzi mwa iwo.
Labyrinth ya ku Egypt yotayika - zatsopano
Popanda zotsalira zowoneka, nkhani ya Great Egypt Labyrinth idaganiziridwa kuti ndi nthano chabe yopitilira mibadwo mpaka katswiri wazambiri ku Egypt Flinders Petrie adavumbula "maziko" ake kumapeto kwa ma 1880, akatswiri otsogolera ku labyrinth adawonongedwa muulamuliro wa Ptolemy II, ndipo ndimakonda kumanga mzinda wapafupi wa Shedyt kuti tilemekeze mkazi wake Arsinoe.
Koma, mu 2008, akatswiri ofukula zakale omwe adagwira ntchito pa Mataha Expedition adapeza zodabwitsa pansi pamchenga. Atasanthula mbali zina za dera la Hawara adapeza lingaliro lamphamvu lazipinda zazitali ndi makoma mamitala angapo pansi pake mpaka kuzama kwakukulu.
Zotsatira za gulu lofufuzirazo zidatsimikizira kuti panali zinthu zakale kumwera kwa piramidi ya Hawara ya Amenemhat III. Zojambulazo zidawonetsa makoma owongoka a mamitala angapo, omwe amalumikizidwa ndikupanga zipinda zingapo zotsekedwa.
Kutsiliza
Great Labyrinth waku Egypt wakale adachezeredwa ndikuwonedwa ndi eni mbiri yakale zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo, komabe pamapeto pake, adatayika pamchenga wachipululu ndipo kupezeka kwake sikunadziwike kwazaka zopitilira 2,500.
M'zaka za zana la 21 lino, tapeza mabwinja omwe pansi pake, akuwoneka kuti ndi Labyrinth yapansi panthaka monga momwe olemba akale adafotokozera. Koma kodi ndi Labyrinth Yaikulu Ya Aigupto Akale kapena ayi ikadali yovuta kudziwa mbiri yakale.
