Gulu la Rapanui Lidapitilira Kutha Kutha Kwa nkhalango za Easter Island

Wofufuza Jared Diamond m'buku lake Kutha (2005), amaganiza kuti kuchotsedwa kwa zomera ndi makoswe odzaza kunadzetsa kukokoloka kwakukulu, kusowa kwakukulu kwa zinthu ndi chakudya, ndipo, pamapeto pake, kugwa kwa Rapanui Society ya Easter Island - lingaliro lomwe ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira.

Sosaiti ya Rapanui idapitiliza kuwononga nkhalango ya Island Island 1 — Anthu aku Rapa Nui adasunthira pamiyala yophulika, ndikujambulapo Moai, zifanizo za monolithic zopangidwa kuti azilemekeza makolo awo. Anasunthira miyala yayikuluyo - pafupifupi 13 kutalika kwake ndi matani 14 - kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zamiyambo pachilumbachi, zomwe zidatenga masiku angapo ndipo amuna ambiri.

Koma kafukufuku watsopano pa Prehistory of Easter Island (Rapa Nui) yochitidwa ndi gulu lapadziko lonse la asayansi ndi akatswiri ofukula zakale ochokera ku Moesgaard Museum ku Aarhus, Denmark; University of Kiel, ku Germany, ndi Pompeu Fabra University of Barcelona, ku Spain, apeza china chake. M'madera osiyanasiyana pachilumbachi, adapeza manda akale omwe amasungidwa ndi utoto wofiira mkati.

Zambiri zomwe zafotokozedwazi, zomwe zidasindikizidwa munyuzipepalayo Holocene, akuwonetsa kuti nkhani yakugwa kwa Rapanui ikadakhala kuti sizinachitike mwanjira ina. Ofufuzawo akuti kutulutsa mtundu wofiirira wofiyira kunapitilizabe kukhala kofunikira pamoyo wazikhalidwe za anthu okhala ku Pascua ngakhale kusintha kwakukulu kwachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe.

Mu 1722 pomwe, Lamlungu la Pasaka, bambo wachi Dutch Dutch Roggeveen adazindikira chilumbachi. Iye anali Mzungu woyamba kuzindikira chilumba chovuta ichi. Roggeveen ndi gulu lake akuti akuti panali anthu 2,000 mpaka 3,000 pachilumbachi. Mwachiwonekere, ofufuzawo adanenanso kuti ndi anthu ochepa pomwe zaka zidapitilira, mpaka pomalizira pake, chiwerengerocho chidatsika mpaka ochepera 100 mzaka zochepa. Tsopano akuti anthu pachilumbachi anali pafupifupi 12,000 pachimake.

Kupanga kodabwitsa kwa pigment

Chilumba cha Easter ndichotchuka padziko lonse lapansi makamaka chifukwa cha ziboliboli zake zazikulu ngati anthu, moai, zoyimira makolo a anthu a Rapanui. Kuphatikiza pa ziboliboli, anthu okhala pachilumba cha Easter adapanganso mtundu wofiyira wofiyira, wopangidwa ndi ocher wofiira, womwe amapaka utoto m'mapanga, petroglyphs, moai… komanso m'malo amanda.

Ngakhale kupezeka kwa pigment iyi kunali kodziwika kale kwa ofufuza, magwero ake ndi momwe angapangidwire sizinadziwike bwinobwino. M'zaka zaposachedwa, akatswiri ofukula zakale adafukula ndikusanthula zasayansi m'malo anayi amadzenje, ndikuwonetsa kuti pachilumbachi panali mitundu ikuluikulu.

Sosaiti ya Rapanui idapitiliza kuwononga nkhalango ya Island Island 2 — Kujambula posonyeza gawo limodzi ndi manda atatu, opezeka ku Vaipú, okhala ndi ocher. © Chithunzi A. Mieth

Maenje omwe amapezeka pa Isitala ali ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'ono twake kotchedwa iron oxides, hematite ndi maghemite, timene tili ndi utoto wowala kwambiri. Kusanthula kwachilengedwe komwe kwachitika pa ma microcarbons ndi phytoliths (zotsalira zazomera) kukuwonetsa kuti mcherewo udatenthedwa, mwina kuti upeze utoto wowala kwambiri. Ena mwa maenjewo adalumikizidwa, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti ankagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi kusunga zadonthozi.

Mitundu ya phytoliths yomwe imapezeka m'mayenje a chilumba cha Easter imabwera makamaka kuchokera ku Panicoideae, zomera za m'banja laling'ono laudzu. Ofufuzawo amakhulupirira kuti ma phytoliths awa adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutenthetsa utoto.

Sosaiti ya Rapanui idapitiliza kuwononga nkhalango ya Island Island 3 — Ngalande zofukulidwa ndi akatswiri ofukula zakale ku Poike. Muli zigawo zochepa za ocher, ndipo pansi pake panali nkhungu zoumba mizu ya kanjedza. © Chithunzi: HR Bork

Tsatanetsatane wa mizu ya kanjedza mu umodzi mwa maenje ofukulidwa. © Chithunzi: HR Bork

Manda omwe anafufuzidwa pachilumbachi anali pakati pa 1200 ndi 1650. Ku Vaipú Este, malo omwe manda ambiri amapezeka, ofufuza adapeza kuti ambiri mwa iwo anali komwe mizu ya kanjedza idapezekapo kale, komanso ku Poike, komwe kwina manda anapezeka. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kupanga nkhumba kunkachitika pambuyo poyeretsa ndikuwotcha masamba akale amanjedza.

Izi zikuwonetsa kuti ngakhale masamba a mgwalangwa adasowa, anthu akale pachilumba cha Easter adapitilizabe kupanga mitundu, komanso pamlingo waukulu. Izi zikusiyana ndi malingaliro am'mbuyomu akuti kudula kwa masamba kumabweretsa mavuto pakati pa anthu. Kupeza kumeneku kumatipatsa kuzindikira kwatsopano pakusintha kwa anthu kuthana ndi kusintha kwa zachilengedwe.

Kutsiliza

Mapeto ake, mafunso amakhalabe, Kodi anthu a Rapanui adatha bwanji pachilumbachi? Chifukwa chiyani adasowa mwadzidzidzi? Komanso, pali mafunso angapo okhudza komwe adachokera, sizikudziwika pachilumba komwe adachokera. Mwa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe kuchokera kuzinthu zonse, awonetsa luntha komanso kupambana m'mbiri, koma kutha kwawo mwadzidzidzi osadziwika nkomwe kumakhala chinsinsi chachikulu mpaka lero. Tsopano, maso athu amangowona ziboliboli zotsogola ndi zaluso zomwe zasiyidwa ndi gulu lalikululi zomwe zimatidabwitsa ndi kutidabwitsa ngakhale lero.

Kupanga kodabwitsa kwa pigment

Kutsiliza

WOKHALITSA