A James Marion Sims - Mwamuna wasayansi wotsutsana kwambiri, popeza ngakhale anali wodziwika bwino pankhani zamankhwala komanso mochuluka mu zamankhwala azachikazi, kwa ambiri ndiwonso woipa chifukwa choyesa mwankhanza komanso kopanda tanthauzo kwa atsikana akapolo.
Zimanenedwa kuti kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1850, J. Marion Sims adagula akapolo azimayi akuda ndikuwagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhumba pazoyeserera zake zopanda mayeso. Mobwerezabwereza ankachita maopareshoni azimayi akuda popanda Anesthesia chifukwa malinga ndi kunena kwake, "Akazi akuda samva kuwawa." Ngakhale adayesedwa mwankhanza kwa azimayi akuda, Sims adatchedwa "The Father of Modern Gynecology", ndipo chifanizo chake chidayima kunja kwa New York Academy of Medicine mpaka itachotsedwa mu Epulo 2018, kutsatira ziwonetsero mdziko lonselo pazifanizo za Confederate.
James Marion Sims - Abambo a Gynecology Yamakono
Dokotala waku America a James Marion Sims (1813-1883) anali, mosakayikira, dokotala wofunikira kwambiri wazachipatala wa m'zaka za zana la 19, akudziyesa lero ngati bambo komanso woyambitsa matenda amakono. Mwa zina, adapanga opareshoni yoyamba yosasinthasintha komanso yopambana ya vesico-vaginal fistula, vuto lowopsa lazachipatala lomwe limakhudzana kwambiri ndi kubereka, lomwe limapangidwa pakati pa chikhodzodzo ndi nyini zomwe zimabweretsa kusakhazikika kwamkodzo kosalekeza.
Chifukwa chake a Marion Sims adakwanitsa kuthetsa vuto lazachipatala lomwe linakhudza kwambiri azimayi mamiliyoni m'mbiri yonse, zomwe madokotala ambiri anali atazifufuza ndikuzifuna osapambana mpaka nthawi imeneyo. Wotamandidwa komanso wosiririka ngati ngwazi pamankhwala, mbiri ya Sims sinatheretu kugwa ngakhale m'zaka za zana lino, pomwe mawonekedwe ndi njira zomwe dokotalayo adagwiritsa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo kupita patsogolo kwake zidadziwika, ndikuzunzidwa moyenera ndikusowa kwamakhalidwe njira zake.
Zochita za J. Marion Sims Zinali Zozikika Kwambiri Pamalonda Ogulitsa Akapolo
Wobadwira ku Lancaster County, South Carolina ku 1813, a James Marion Sims adayamba ntchito ya udokotala pomwe madotolo sanachite maphunziro ndi maphunziro ofanana ndi omwe akuchita masiku ano. Atatha kucheza ndi dokotala, kutenga kosi ya miyezi itatu ndikuphunzira chaka chimodzi ku Jefferson Medical College, Sims adayamba kuchita ku Lancaster. Pambuyo pake adasamukira ku Montgomery, Alabama, kukafuna kuyambiranso atamwalira odwala awiri oyamba.
Munali ku Montgomery pomwe Marion Sims adadzipangira mbiri yake pakati pa eni minda yoyera, yoyera posamalira katundu wawo. Pakati pa 1845 ndi 1849, adachita maopaleshoni osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana pa akapolo achikazi aku Africa aku America omwe adawapangitsa kuzunzika kwakukulu. Mwanjira ina, machitidwe a Sims adazikidwa kwambiri pamalonda ogulitsa akapolo.
Sims adamanga chipatala cha anthu eyiti mkati mwa chigawo chamalonda ku Montgomery. Ngakhale chithandizo chamankhwala chambiri chimachitika m'minda, milandu ina yamakani idabweretsedwa kwa asing'anga ngati Sims omwe adagwira antchito akapolo kuti athe kupanga - ndi kuberekanso - kwa ambuye awo. Kupanda kutero, zinali zopanda ntchito kwa eni ake.
Kodi Sims Adalowa Bwanji M'mundawu?
Monga madotolo ambiri m'zaka za zana la 19, Sims poyamba analibe chidwi chothandizira odwala azimayi - ndipo sanaphunzitsidwe zachikazi. Zowonadi, kuyesa ndi kuchiza ziwalo zachikazi kunkaonedwa kuti ndizonyansa komanso zosasangalatsa. Koma chidwi chake chothandizira azimayi chidasinthidwa pomwe adapemphedwa kuti athandize wodwala yemwe adagwa pamahatchi ndipo akumva kuwawa m'chiuno ndi msana.
Pofuna kuthandizira kuvulala kwa mayiyu, Sims adazindikira kuti amafunika kuyang'ana kumaliseche kwake. Anamuyika pamiyendo yonse inayi, atatsamira, kenako ndikugwiritsa ntchito zala zake kumuthandiza kuwona mkati. Kupeza kumeneku kunamuthandiza kuti akhale ndi chithunzithunzi chamakono chamakono: chogwirira chopopera cha supuni.
Kuchokera pakuwunika kwake, Sims amatha kuwona kuti wodwalayo ali ndi vesicovaginal fistula. Popanda mankhwala odziwika, Sims adayamba kuyesa mu 1845 pogwiritsa ntchito njira zochitira ma fistulas. Ngati ambuye a odwalawo amapereka zovala ndikulipira misonkho, a Sims amawatenga azimayiwo mpaka atamalizidwa.
Opaleshoni Yoyeserera ya Sims Sizinali Zoyenera Komanso Zankhanza
Opaleshoni ya Sims idachitidwa yopanda mankhwala ochititsa dzanzi, osati chifukwa chakuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kunali kumangopangidwa, koma chifukwa Sims mwiniwakeyo adanenanso kuti ululuwo sunali wokwanira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochititsa dzanzi kunali kofunikira, zomwe amayi sanatero amavomereza pang'ono, ngakhale zowonadi, nawonso sanamvedwe. Ngakhale malinga ndi ena, a Sims amakhulupirira kuti "Akazi akuda samva kuwawa."
M'zaka zinayi, Sims adayesa akapolo achikazi ambiri mchipatala chake chakale ku Montgomery, chifukwa chake, zomwe sizingachitike ndizomwe zidawonongera kwa omwe adamuzunza. Ena mwa iwo adachitidwa maopaleshoni mobwerezabwereza, monga mlandu wodziwika bwino wa kapolo wachichepere wotchedwa Anarcha Westcott, yemwe anali ndi vuto la vesico-vaginal kapena recto-vaginal fistula ndipo adachitidwa ma 30 kuchokera kwa Sims asanakwanitse kuchita , kutseka mabowo pakati pa chikhodzodzo ndi rectum.
Wodwala wina Sims yemwe anachitidwa opareshoni anali Lucy wazaka 18, yemwe anali atabereka miyezi ingapo m'mbuyomo ndipo sanathe kuwongolera chikhodzodzo chake kuyambira pamenepo. Pochita izi, odwala anali amaliseche ndipo amafunsidwa kuti agwadire ndi kugwada patsogolo pawo kuti mitu yawo ikhale pamanja. Lucy adapirira opareshoni ya ola limodzi, akufuula ndikulira ndikumva kuwawa, monga pafupifupi madotolo ena khumi ndi awiri adayang'ana.
Monga Sims adalemba pambuyo pake, Nkhani Ya Moyo Wanga, "Kupweteka kwa Lucy kunali kwakukulu." Anadwala kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito siponji yotsutsana kuti athetse mkodzo pachikhodzodzo, zomwe zidamupangitsa kuti apeze poizoni wamagazi. "Ndimaganiza kuti amwalira ... zidamutengera Lucy miyezi iwiri kapena itatu kuti achire kwathunthu chifukwa chakuchita opaleshoniyo," adalemba.
Lero kwadziwika kuti palibe maopaleshoni omwe adachitidwa ndi a James Marion Sims omwe anali ovomerezeka, azimayi anali omangidwa mokakamizidwa ndikukakamizidwa kuti ayesedwe mwankhanza komanso moyesa kwambiri.
Kapolo wina wopanda mwayi anali Betsy yemwenso adakumana ndi zomwe Anarcha ndi Lucy adakumana nazo. Kunena kuti, Lucy, Anarcha ndi Betsy ndi "Amayi a Gynecology Yamakono" pothandizira.
Kuyesa Ana Omwe Akapolo
Wolemba komanso wodziwa zamankhwala Harriet Washington akuti zikhulupiliro za Sims zakusankhana zimakhudza koposa zomwe adachita azimayi. Asanayese komanso atayesa kuyesa kwake kwa amayi, adayesanso chithandizo chamankhwala pa ana akuda akapolo pofuna kuthana ndi "trismus nascentium" (neonatal tetanus) - osaphula kanthu. Sims ankakhulupiriranso kuti anthu aku Africa America anali anzeru pang'ono kuposa azungu, ndipo amaganiza kuti ndichifukwa chakuti zigaza zawo zidakula mwachangu mozungulira ubongo wawo. Amagwiritsa ntchito ana aku Africa aku America pogwiritsa ntchito chida chopangira nsapato kuti ang'ambitse mafupa awo ndikumasula zigaza zawo.
Kutsiliza
Mbiri yochititsa chidwi ya matenda achikazi amakono komanso momwe a J. Marion Sims adayeserera pochita maopaleshoni a ukazi popanda ochititsa dzanzi pa akapolo akuda mpaka pano mpaka pano. Kwa zaka zambiri, amayi ndi abambo ambiri awonetsa motsutsana ndi chifanizo cha J. Marion Sims ku Central Park ku New York, kutsutsa kuzunzidwa kwake ndikuti amuchotse. Chithunzicho chidachotsedwa mu Epulo 2018, ndikusamutsidwa ku Manda a Green-Wood ku Brooklyn, New York, komwe a Sims adayikidwa. Koma funso lomwe lidakalibe m'maganizo mwake: "Kodi izi ndi zowona kuti popanda nkhanza, palibe chitukuko mu sayansi?"
