Lero, "Mndandanda wa Mafumu a Asumeriya" ndi umodzi mwamipukutu yakale yovuta kwambiri yomwe idapezekapo, yomwe ikufotokoza momveka bwino momwe gulu la anthu owunikiridwa lidatsika kuchokera kumwamba kudzalamulira Dziko Lapansi. Ndipo utali wonse wa ulamuliro wawo unali zaka 241,200! Zikutheka bwanji ??
Kuchokera pazinthu zambiri zodziwika bwino zomwe zapezeka m'malo aku Iraq komwe mizinda yotukuka yaku Sumeri idakhalako, ochepa adakhala osangalatsa kuposa King Sumerian King, zolembedwa pamanja zakale zoyambirira zolembedwa mchilankhulo cha Sumerian, ndikulemba mafumu a Sumer (wakale kumwera kwa Iraq ) ochokera m'mafumu achi Sumeriya komanso oyandikana nawo, olamuliridwa kuti ndi olamulira, komanso malo amfumu "yovomerezeka". Chomwe chimapangitsa izi kukhala zapadera kwambiri ndichakuti mndandandawu umaphatikiza olamulira akale omwe analipo kale asanakhaleko ndi olamulira akale omwe amadziwika kuti analipo.
The Sumerian Civilization & the Sumerian King List
Chiyambi cha chitukuko cha Asumeriya ku Mesopotamiya chikutsutsanabe mpaka pano, koma umboni wofukula m'mabwinja ukusonyeza kuti adakhazikitsa mizinda pafupifupi khumi ndi iwiri BC. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mzinda wokhala ndi mipanda wolamulidwa ndi ziggurat - akachisi okhala ndi mapiramidi okhudzana ndi chipembedzo cha Asumeriya. Nyumba zinamangidwa kuchokera kumabango achithaphwi kapena njerwa zamatope, ndipo ngalande zovuta zothirira zidakumbidwa kuti zigwiritse ntchito madzi okhala ndi matope a Tigris ndi Firate kuti azilima.
Madera akuluakulu aku Sumeriya adaphatikizapo Eridu, Ur, Nippur, Lagash ndi Kish, koma imodzi mwazakale kwambiri komanso yotchuka kwambiri inali Uruk, malo opitilira malonda omwe anali ndi makilomita asanu ndi limodzi azitali zachitetezo ndi anthu okhala pakati pa 40,000 ndi 80,000. Pachimake pozungulira 2800 BC, mwina unali mzinda waukulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. M'mawu osavuta, Asumeriya Akale adakhudza dziko lapansi kwambiri chifukwa anali chifukwa cha kutukuka koyamba kwamizinda.
Mwa zinthu zonse zakale zomwe zapezeka m'dera la Mesopotamiya, "Mndandanda wa Mafumu a Asumeriya" ndiye wovuta kwambiri. Ndizolembedwa zakale kwambiri mchilankhulo cha Sumeriya, chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachitatu BCE, lomwe ndi mndandanda wamafumu onse a Sumer, mafumu awo, malo awo, komanso nthawi zamphamvu. Ngakhale izi zingawoneke ngati chinsinsi kwambiri, ndizomwe zidalembedwa pamodzi ndi mndandanda wamfumu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosokoneza. Pamodzi ndi omwe-ndani a Asumeriya olamulira, King List imaphatikizaponso zochitika monga Chigumula Chachikulu ndi nkhani za Gilgamesh, nkhani zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa nthano zosavuta.
Mndandanda wa Mfumu ya ku Sumeriya unavumbula zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri kwa akatswiri a mbiri yakale
Atapezeka kwa zaka zambiri ndi akatswiri m'madera ambiri ku Mesopotamiya wakale, zolembedwa zomwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi zolembedwa pamanja zapadera, zotchedwa "Mndandanda wa Mafumu a Asumeriya" kapena "Mndandanda wa Mafumu a Asumeriya," mwatsatanetsatane momwe kale Dziko lapansi lidalamulidwa ndi asanu ndi atatu - mitundu ina ili ndi mafumu khumi osamvetseka kwazaka 241,200. Zolemba zakale zimanenanso kuti olamulirawa "adatsika kuchokera kumwamba."
Mndandanda wa Mafumu a Sumeri umanena nkhani yosangalatsa yomwe ambiri amavutika kuti akhulupirire:
“Ufumu utatsika kuchokera kumwamba, ufumuwo unali ku Eridug. Ku Eridug, Alulimu anakhala mfumu; analamulira zaka 28,800. Pambuyo pake, Alalgar analamulira zaka 36,000. Kenako Eridug adagwa ndipo ufumuwo udatengeredwa ku Bad-tibira. En-amuna-lu-ana analamulira zaka 43,200 zotsatira. Pambuyo pake, En-amuna-gal-ana analamulira zaka 28,800, ndipo Dumuzid, M'busa, analamulira zaka 36,000. Kenako Bad-tibira adagwa ndipo ufumuwo udatengeredwa ku Larag. Ku Larag, En-sipad-zid-ana analamulira zaka 28,800. Kenako Larag adagwa ndipo ufumuwo udatengedwa kupita ku Zimbir, komwe En-amuna-dur-ana analamulira zaka 21,000. Kenako Zimbir adagwa ndipo ufumuwo udatengedwa kupita ku Shuruppag, komwe Ubara-Tutu analamulira zaka 18,600. M'mizinda 5, mafumu 8 adalamulira zaka 241,200. Kenako chigumula chinawakokolola onse… ”
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Koma zingatheke bwanji kuti mafumu asanu ndi atatu alamulira dziko lapansi kwa zaka 241,200?
Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti yankho lake ndi losavuta: mndandandawu umaphatikiza olamulira achifumu akale komanso "nthano", omwe adasangalala ndi maufumu ataliatali komanso osatsutsika okhala ndi mafumu owoneka bwino.
Mwanjira ina, akatswiri akutiuza kuti zinthu zina zolembedwa pamndandanda wa mafumu aku Sumeri ndizolondola, pomwe ena-monga olamulira mosalekeza-sangakhale.
Kuphatikiza apo, mafumu a ku Sumeri samangotiwuza kuti mafumuwa adalamulira nthawi yayitali bwanji Padziko Lapansi, komanso limanenanso kuti mafumu asanu ndi atatuwa "adatsika kuchokera kumwamba," pambuyo pake adalamulira kwanthawi yayitali modabwitsa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mndandandawu umafotokoza momwe mafumu asanu ndi atatuwa adakwanira kumapeto kwa Chigumula Chachikulu chomwe chidasesa Dziko Lapansi. Mndandandawu ukufotokozanso zomwe zidachitika chigumula chitatha, chifukwa chimanena momveka bwino kuti "mafumu ena adatsika kuchokera kumwamba," ndipo mafumu achinsinsiwa adalamuliranso munthu.
Koma kodi Mndandanda wa Mafumu a Sumeriya ndi osakanikirana ndi mafumu ovomerezeka ndi zolembedwa zakale? Kapena kodi ndizotheka kuti akatswiri adasankha ena mwa olamulira ngati nthano, chifukwa cha machitidwe awo apadera?
Kwa zaka makumi ambiri anthu amakhulupirira kuti mbiri yatsatanetsatane mu Mndandanda wa Mafumu a Sumeriya, ndiye kuti, mafumu omwe ali ndi moyo wautali modabwitsa, kusowa kwawo pa Chigumula Chachikulu ndikulowedwa m'malo ndi mafumu atsopano omwe adachokera kumwamba, anali ena mwa nthano chabe nkhani. Komabe, pali olemba ndi ofufuza ambiri omwe sagwirizana, akunena kuti zomwe zili pa Mndandanda wa Mafumu a Sumeriya sizingakhale nthano konse, ndikuwonetsanso kuti akatswiri masiku ano amazindikira ena mwa Mafumu omwe adafotokozedwapo.
Zingatani Zitati?
Popeza kuti Mndandanda wa Mafumu a Sumeri umatchula mafumu asanu ndi atatu, mayina awo ndi maufumu awo atali, komanso komwe adachokera - mafumu omwe adachokera kumwamba - zapangitsa ambiri kuganiza kuti: "Kodi ndizotheka kuti zomwe zalembedwa pa Mndandanda wa mafumu aku Sumerian amakhala mbiri yakale? Zomwe zikadachitika zikadakhala, zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo, mbiri yakale isanachitike, dziko lathu lapansi lidalamulidwa ndi mafumu ena asanu ndi atatu adziko lapansi omwe adabwera kudziko lapansi kuchokera kudziko lakutali ndikulamulira pa Dziko Lapansi kwazaka 241,200 mpaka kubwerera ku dziko kumwamba? ”
Nanga bwanji ngati tsatanetsatane wopezeka m'ndandanda wa mafumu aku Sumerian ali olondola zana limodzi ndikuti, mosiyana ndi akatswiri wamba, maulamuliro osathekawa anali otheka, panthawi yomwe chitukuko, anthu komanso dziko lathu lapansi zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi momwe ziliri lero? Kodi zolemba zakale izi zikuwonetsa kuti Dziko Lapansi lidalamuliridwa ndi akatswiri azakale akale kwazaka 241,200? Kapena, monga momwe akatswiri amatchulira, Mndandanda wa Mafumu a Sumerian ndi chabe chisakanizo cha zolemba zakale ndi nthano?
Ndikoyenera kutchula kuti m'malemba akale muli wolamulira yemwe adatsimikiziridwa ndi zokumbidwa zakale komanso mbiriyakale; ndi Enmebaragesi de Kish, pafupifupi 2,600 BC.
Pali mndandanda wina wa mafumu ochokera ku Egypt wakale wotchedwa “Turin King List,” limene limasimba za mafumu angapo osamvetsetseka amene poyamba analamulira Igupto kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, pamaso pa Afarao.
