Nthawi ina wabizinesi wolemera waku Europe adafunsa bambo wachikulire wosauka yemwe amadutsa mumsewu, “Ndiuze bambo, ndingakusinthire bwanji anthuwa? Ndikuganiza kuti ndili ndi ndalama zokwanira kuchita izi. ” Poyankha, mkuluyo adati, “Simungathe, sindinadye masiku atatu apitawa, ngakhale ndawonapo zakudya zokoma zambiri kulikonse komwe ndapita. Za ine, uyenera kufafaniza mawu oti 'kukhala' pagulu lino omwe sungathe kapena sungachite, chifukwa ndiwe munthu wachuma. ” Kutenga - liwu lomwe lidasintha chilichonse padziko lapansi lino, lomwe limayika moyo kukhala chinthu chopanda moyo m'masekondi ochepa, ndipo zimatenga miyoyo masauzande ambiri osaganiziranso. Kunena, idazungulira moyo wamunthu aliyense.
Anthu sanasinthe mwadzidzidzi, adatsata pang'onopang'ono katundu, ndikusinthasintha. Kupyola m'mbiri yakale iyi, dziko lapansi lidawona kukwera ndi kutsika kwambiri, zochitika zazikulu komanso zoyipa kwambiri, zomwe ambiri adasintha kapena kusintha dziko kwathunthu. Zina zimapezeka zitalembedwa m'mabuku athu pomwe zina sizinachitike kwa zaka zambiri, ndikusiya mafunso ovuta omwe sitimafuna kumva.
Pano m'nkhaniyi, tafotokozapo nkhani zomwe sizinakhudzidwe zomwe ndizachidziwikire, koma kukhalapo kwawo ndizowona kuti tikukhala mdziko lino. Ndipo zomwe zitha kukhala zoyipa kusintha malingaliro anu okhudza mbiri komanso tsogolo la umunthu.
1 | Laibulale Ya ku Alexandria
Laibulale ya ku Alexandria, ku Egypt, anali mbali ya Musaeum, malo ofufuza za sayansi omwe amaphunzitsidwa zambiri. Zinali zomangidwa nthawi ya Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Reign 284-246 BC). Olamulira a Ptolemaic ku Egypt adalimbikitsa kupita patsogolo ndi kusonkhanitsa chidziwitso. Anapereka maphunziro kwa asayansi, afilosofi ndi ndakatulo kuti abwere kudzakhala ku Alexandria. Mucikozyanyo, basololi bazikombelo bakali kubelesya nzila njobakali kukonzya kweendelezya nyika yabo.
Pamwamba pake, Laibulale ya ku Alexandria Muli mipukutu ndi mabuku masauzande ambiri onena za masamu, uinjiniya, sayansi ya zakuthambo, madera, mapulani, zamankhwala, masewera, komanso malemba ofunikira. Ku Igupto wakale, mabuku aliwonse omwe amapezeka zombo zikubwera pa doko, amabwera nawo nthawi yomweyo Laibulale ya ku Alexandria ndi kutengera. Choyambiriracho chimasungidwa mulaibulale ndipo kopeyo amapatsidwa kwa mwini wake.
Oganiza ochokera kumadera onse a Mediterranean amabwera ku Alexandria kudzaphunzira. Kunena, Laibulale ya ku Alexandria anali ndi mabuku akuluakulu komanso otsogola kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu, ndipo ntchito zazikulu kwambiri zachitukuko mpaka pomwepo zidatayika chifukwa laibulaleyo idawonongedweratu.
Kuwonongeka kwa laibulale sikunayambitsidwe ndi kuwotcha kokha, iyi ndi nthano. Zowona zidakana pang'onopang'ono pazaka zambiri. Komabe, Laibulale, kapena gawo lake, linatenthedwa mwangozi ndi Julius Caesar munkhondo yake yapachiweniweni mu 48 BC, koma sizikudziwika kuti ndi zingati zomwe zidawonongedwa. Pambuyo pake, pakati pa 270 ndi 275 AD, mzinda wa Alexandria udawona kupanduka komanso kuwukira kwa mfumu yomwe mwina idawononga chilichonse chomwe chidatsala mu Library, ngati chidalipo panthawiyo. Ngati laibulaleyi idakalipobe mpaka pano, ndiye kuti anthu atha kupita patsogolo kwambiri ndipo tikadadziwa zambiri zamakedzana.
2 | Phazi Laling'ono
Mu 2017, kutsatira kuwumbidwa kwakale kwa zaka 20 ku South Africa, ofufuza pamapeto pake adapeza ndikuyeretsa mafupa athunthu a wachibale wakale: wazaka pafupifupi 3.67 miliyoni wazaka zotchedwa "Little Foot." Ofufuzawo adapeza kuti Little Foot imatha kuyenda yowongoka ndipo mikono yake siyotalika ngati miyendo, kutanthauza kuti inali yofanana ndendende ndi ya anthu amakono. Koma malinga ndi asayansi ambiri, a Homo sapiens, anthu oyamba amakono, adachokera kwa omwe adatsogola zaka zoyambira 200,000 mpaka 300,000 zapitazo. Anapanga chilankhulo zaka 50,000 zapitazo. Anthu oyamba amakono adayamba kusunthira kunja kwa Africa kuyambira zaka 70,000-100,000 zapitazo. Werengani zambiri
3 | Malo A Mastoni ku San Diego
Tsamba la mastoni ku San Diego lingakhale umboni woti anthu amakhala ku California US asanakhaleko - kapena Amwenye Achimereka, kapena zitukuko zambiri. Tsamba la San Diego likhoza kukhala umboni wochepa wosonyeza kuti anthu amakhala ku California njira zisanachitike zitukuko zambiri.
4 | Mndandanda Wachifumu wa Sumerian
Chiyambi cha chitukuko cha Asumeriya ku Mesopotamiya chikutsutsanabe mpaka pano, koma umboni wofukula m'mabwinja ukusonyeza kuti adakhazikitsa mizinda pafupifupi khumi ndi iwiri BC. Kawirikawiri mizindayi inali mzinda wokhala ndi mipanda ndipo unkalamuliridwa ndi ziggurat. Nyumba zinamangidwa kuchokera kumabango achithaphwi kapena njerwa zamatope, ndipo ngalande zovuta zothirira zidakumbidwa kuti zigwiritse ntchito madzi okhala ndi matope a Tigris ndi Firate kuti azilima.
Madera akuluakulu aku Sumeriya adaphatikizapo Eridu, Ur, Nippur, Lagash ndi Kish, koma imodzi mwazakale kwambiri komanso yotchuka kwambiri inali Uruk, malo opitilira malonda omwe anali ndi makilomita asanu ndi limodzi azitali zachitetezo ndi anthu okhala pakati pa 40,000 ndi 80,000. Pachimake pozungulira 2800 BC, mwina unali mzinda waukulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. M'mawu osavuta, Asumeriya Akale adakhudza dziko lapansi kwambiri chifukwa anali chifukwa cha kutukuka koyamba kwamizinda.
Pazinthu zonse zakale zopezeka m'dera la Mesopotamiya, "Mndandanda wa Mafumu a Asumeriya" ndichinthu chovuta kwambiri. Ndizolembedwa zakale kwambiri mchilankhulo cha Sumeriya, chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachitatu BCE, lomwe ndi mndandanda wamafumu onse a Sumer, mafumu awo, malo awo, komanso nthawi zamphamvu. Ngakhale izi zingawoneke ngati chinsinsi kwambiri, ndizomwe zidalembedwa pamodzi ndi mndandanda wamfumu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosokoneza. Pali zinthu zina zopeka zomwe zili mkati mwake. Pamodzi ndi omwe-ndani a Asumeriya olamulira, King List imaphatikizaponso zochitika monga Chigumula Chachikulu ndi nkhani za Gilgamesh, nkhani zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa nthano zosavuta.
5 | Malaibulale a Inca Of Quipu Records
Ufumu wa Inca unkalamulira madera ena omwe masiku ano amadziwika kuti Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia ndi Argentina kwazaka mazana ambiri asanafike ku Spain mu 1533, kuwononga mizinda yake, ndikuwotcha malo ake osungira mabuku a quipu - chilankhulo cha Inca "cholembedwa" ndi mfundo ndi chingwe. Ngakhale tikudziwa zambiri zaukadaulo wa Inca, zomangamanga ndi ulimi wapamwamba - zonse zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mumzinda waukulu wa Inca Machu Picchu - sitingathe kuwerenga zomwe zatsala pamakina omwe ali ndi zolemba zawo. Gawo lochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndiloti sitimvetsetsa momwe adayendetsera ufumu waukulu osamanga msika umodzi wokha.
6 | Dziko la Sumerian
Ngakhale idapezeka zaka zopitilira 150 zapitazo, Earth Sumerian Planisphere yamasuliridwa zaka khumi zapitazo, kuwulula cholemba chakale kwambiri chazinthu zakuthambo zomwe zidachokera mlengalenga ndikufika padziko lapansi - comet. Zolembedwazo zimapereka tsiku ndi nthawi yeniyeni yomwe meteoryo adagunda Padziko Lapansi - anali pa 29th June 3123 BC. Malinga ndi a Planisphere, mwambowu udachitikira ku Köfels, Austria. Koma kulibe crater m'dera la Köfels, kotero kwa masiku ano sikuwoneka ngati malo omwe akuyenera kuwonekera, ndipo chochitika cha Köfels chimakhalabe chongopeka mpaka pano. Werengani zambiri
7 | Toumai
Toumaï ndi dzina lomwe linaperekedwa kwa oyimira zakale a mtundu wa Sahelanthropus tchadensis, omwe chigaza chawo chonse chidapezeka ku Chad, Central Africa, mchaka cha 2001. Zakale pafupifupi zaka 7 miliyoni zapitazo, Toumaï amakhulupirira kuti ndiye hominid wakale kwambiri wodziwika mpaka pano. Kwa akatswiri ena a zaumulungu, Toumaï angakhale mbalame ya bipedal ndipo angakhale mmodzi mwa makolo oyambirira a mzere wamakono wamunthu. Werengani zambiri
8 | Chibade 5
Mu 2005, asayansi adapeza chigaza chathunthu cha kholo lakale lakale ku Dmanisi, tawuni yaying'ono kumwera kwa Georgia, Europe. Chigaza ndi cha hominin yemwe adatha yemwe adakhala zaka pafupifupi 1.85 miliyoni zapitazo! Chodziwika kuti "Chibade 5," choyerekeza cha ofukula zakale ndicholimba kwathunthu ndipo chili ndi nkhope yayitali, mano akulu ndi khungu laling'ono, lomwe limafika kumapeto kotsika kwamitundu yamitundu. Koma asayansi ambiri amakhulupirirabe kuti anthu amakono adangosintha kuchokera ku Africa, ndikuti sanasunthe zaka 0.8 miliyoni zapitazo. Werengani zambiri
9 | Kutha Kwa Anthu Amwenye Achimereka
Kufika kwa azungu ku America kunapangitsa kuti Amwenye Achimereka achoke kwambiri kuchoka pa pafupifupi 12 miliyoni mu 1500 kufika pafupifupi 237,000 mu 1900. Ulendo waku Spain waku Christopher Columbus adapeza America koyamba mu 1492. Kuyanjana ndi azungu kudapangitsa kuti ku Europe atsamunda America, momwe mamiliyoni a osamukira ku Europe pamapeto pake adakhazikika ku America.
Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Africa ndi a Eurasia ku America chidakulirakulira, pomwe anthu akomweko adatsika. Matenda a ku Eurasia monga fuluwenza, miliri ya chibayo, ndi nthomba anapha Amwenye Achimereka, amene analibe chitetezo chawo. Mikangano ndi nkhondo yeniyeni ndi obwera kumene ku Western Europe ndi mafuko ena aku America zidachepetsa anthu ndikusokoneza miyambo. Kukula ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kutsika kwakhala nkhani yakukambirana kwamaphunziro, komanso kudziwika kwawo ngati kupha anthu.
10 | Makompyuta Asintha Anthu Kupitilira Maganizo Athu
Kompyutala ndi makina omwe amatha kulangizidwa kuti azitha kuchita masamu kapena zomveka bwino kudzera pulogalamu yamakompyuta. Makompyuta amakono amatha kutsatira magwiridwe antchito, otchedwa mapulogalamu. Mapulogalamuwa amathandizira makompyuta kuchita ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
Kompyuta "yathunthu" kuphatikiza zida zam'manja, makina opangira (pulogalamu yayikulu), ndi zida zotumphukira zomwe zimafunikira ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito "kwathunthu" zitha kutchedwa kompyuta. Mawuwa atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pagulu lamakompyuta omwe amalumikizidwa ndikugwira ntchito limodzi, makamaka netiweki yamakompyuta kapena masango apakompyuta.
Makompyuta oyambilira adangopangidwa ngati zida zowerengera zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira kuwerengera kwazaka zambiri, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito makalata amodzi ndi amodzi ndi zala. Kuyambira kale, zida zazing'ono zamanja monga abacus, kapena amatchedwanso chimango chowerengera, zimathandiza anthu kuwerengera.
Makina a Antikythera amakhulupirira kuti ndi kompyuta yoyambirira yamagetsi yamagetsi. Zinapangidwa kuti ziwerengere zakuthambo ndi kadamsana kaamba ka kalendala ndi nyenyezi. Zidapezeka mu 1901 mu Antikythera yomwe idawonongeka pachilumba cha Greek cha Antikythera, pakati pa Kythera ndi Crete, ndipo akuti adachitika pafupifupi 100 BC.
Charles Babbage (1791-1871), mpainiya wapakompyuta, adapanga mainjini oyambira azamagetsi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 19th. Anapanga makompyuta koma adalephera kupanga. Injini yoyamba ya Babbage idamalizidwa ku London mu 2002, zaka 153 zitapangidwa.
Atagwira ntchito pa injini yosinthira, yopangidwa kuti athandizire pakuwerengera zapanyanja, mu 1833 Babbage adazindikira kuti mapangidwe ambiri, a Analytical Engine, atha. Zowonjezera zamapulogalamu ndi deta zimayenera kuperekedwa kwa makinawo kudzera pamakadi okhomedwa, njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawiyo kuwongolera mawotchi monga Jacquard akuyang'ana.
Pazotulutsa, makinawo amakhala ndi chosindikiza, chiwembu chopindika komanso belu. Makinawo amathanso kubaya manambala pamakhadi kuti awerengedwe mtsogolo. Injiniyo idaphatikizira gawo la masamu, kuwongolera mayendedwe amtundu wazinthu ndi malupu, ndikuphatikizira kukumbukira, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale choyambirira pamakompyuta omwe angatchulidwe masiku ano monga Turing-kumaliza, dongosolo la deta -malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito, njira yomwe imatha kuzindikira kapena kusankha imodzi kapena zingapo mwazomwe zimakhazikika pakukhazikitsa.
Pofika 1938, Navy ya ku United States inali itapanga kompyuta yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi. Iyi inali Torpedo Data Computer, yomwe idagwiritsa ntchito ma trigonometry kuthana ndi vuto lowombera torpedo pa chandamale chosuntha. Mu 1942, a John Vincent Atanasoff ndi Clifford E. Berry aku Iowa State University adapanga ndikuyesa Atanasoff – Berry Computer (ABC), "kompyuta yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi" yoyamba.
Akatswiri ofufuza zamtsogolo amakhulupirira kuti anthu omwe adabadwa pambuyo pa 1970 atha kukhala ndi moyo kosatha. Pofika chaka cha 2050, anthu adzakwanitsa kukhala ndi moyo wosafa mwa kukweza malingaliro awo pamakompyuta kenako ndikubwerera m'thupi lina kapena lanyama.
11 | Mbiri Yakale Yidawapulumutsa Nthawi Ya Tsunami Ya 2004
Zakale zakale zidapulumutsa mafuko angapo ku Andaman ndi ku Islands za Nicobar nthawi ya Tsunami ya 2004 yomwe idaphetsa anthu 227,898. Ngakhale ambiri akumaloko ndi alendo adapita mwachidwi m'madziwo, mbadwawo zidathawa, natchula chenjezo kuchokera ku nthano yawo: "kugwedeza kwakukulu ndikutsatira khoma lalitali lamadzi." Onse adathawira kumalo okwera Tsunami wamkulu asanafike kuzilumbazi. Palibe chochitika chodziwika bwino chofotokoza nkhaniyi, nanga adadziwa bwanji kuti ndichinsinsi.
12 | Ndani Adamanga Sphinx Yaikulu Ya Giza?
Great Sphinx waku Giza, chimphona chachikulu cha miyala yamwala wokhala ndi thupi la mkango ndi mutu wa munthu wovala chisoti cha farao, ndiye chizindikiro cha dziko la Egypt - wakale komanso wamakono - komanso chimodzi mwazikumbutso zotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Ngakhale kuti ndi odziwika bwino, akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale, akatswiri ofufuza za mbiri yakale ku Egypt ndi ena akupitilizabe kutsutsana za "mwambi" wokhalitsa wa Sphinx: Ndi zaka zingati kwenikweni? Nzeru zambiri zimafotokoza kuti monolith ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 4,500, ndipo adamumangira Khafre, farao wa mzera wachinayi ku Egypt yemwe amakhala pafupifupi 2603-2578 BC.
Komabe, pali ziphunzitso ziwiri zotsimikizika, zomwe chiphunzitso choyamba chikuwonetsa kuti Great Sphinx idamangidwa kale ngati 10,500 BC. Pomwe lingaliro linalo likusonyeza kuti zitha kukhala zaka 800,000. Ngati izi ndi zoona, ndiye ndani kwenikweni anamanga Great Sphinx waku Egypt? Werengani zambiri
13 | 97% Yambiri Ya Mbiri Ya Anthu Yatayika Lerolino!
Anthu amakono adayamba kuonekera zaka 200,000 zapitazo, koma kusunga mbiri sikunayambe mpaka zaka 5,500 zapitazo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pafupifupi 97% ya mbiri ya anthu yatayika. Werengani zambiri
