Mu 2008, phale ladongo la cuneiform ― lomwe linadabwitsa akatswiri kwa zaka zoposa 150 - linamasuliridwa koyamba. Tabuletiyi tsopano imadziwika kuti ndi nthano zamasiku ano zaku Sumeria za kugunda kwa asteroid ku Köfels, Austria. Koma kulibe crater m'dera la Köfels, kotero kwa maso amakono sizikuwoneka ngati malo okhudzidwa ayenera kuyang'ana, ndipo chochitika cha Köfels chikadali chongopeka mpaka lero. Choncho, umboni woonekeratu wa phale ladongo lolembedwa m’malembawo, umene unadodometsa ofufuza oyambirirawo, sunadziwikebe.
Sumerian Planisphere - Mapu a Star omwe aiwalika
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19, cholembapo chozungulira chozungulira chozungulira chinapezedwa mu laibulale yachinsinsi ya King Ashurbanipal ku Nineve, Iraq, yolembedwa ndi Henry Layard. Kwa nthawi yayitali yomwe imaganiziridwa kuti ndi piritsi la Asuri, kusanthula pakompyuta kwafanana ndi thambo lomwe lili pamwamba pa Mesopotamiya mu 650 BC ndipo zatsimikizira kuti ndi zakale kwambiri zochokera ku Sumerian.
Kwa zaka zoposa 150 asayansi ayesa kuthetsa chinsinsi cha phale la dongo la cuneiform lomwe limasonyeza zomwe zimatchedwa kuti Köfel zimakhudza zochitika zakale zomwe anthu a ku Sumer ankawona. Zinali zochititsa chidwi kwambiri pamene asteroid yautali wa kilomita inagwa m'mapiri a Alps, pafupi ndi Köfels, Austria zaka zoposa 5,600 zapitazo.
Phaleli ndi "Astrolabe," chida choyambirira kwambiri cha zakuthambo. Ili ndi tchati chokhala ndi magawo awiri, chokhala ngati chimbale chokhala ndi magawo okhala ndi mayunitsi odziwika olembedwa pamphepete mwake. Tsoka ilo, magawo ambiri (pafupifupi 40%) am'mapiritsiwa akusowa, kuwonongeka komwe kunayamba kuwonongedwa kwa Nineve. Kumbuyo kwa piritsi sikunalembedwe.
Kutukuka kwakale kwa Asumeriya mwina sikadakhala kotukuka mwanjira yolembedwa, mwachitsanzo, koma amadziwa kumvetsetsa zakuthambo ndi thambo usiku mpaka pamlingo winawake. Ndipo izi zikuwonekera kuchokera ku Mapu a Star Sumerian a zaka 5600.
Chipilala chotchedwa cuneiform chomwe chili m'mabuku a British Museum chotchedwa No K8538, chomwe chikudziwikabe ndi umboni wakuti kuli akatswiri a zakuthambo a ku Sumeriya, chikufufuzidwabe.
10 mfundo zosangalatsa za Sumerian Planisphere
Ngakhale idapezeka zaka zopitilira 150 zapitazo, Earth Sumerian Planisphere yamasuliridwa zaka khumi zapitazo, kuwulula cholemba chakale kwambiri chazinthu zakuthambo zomwe zidachokera mlengalenga ndikufika padziko lapansi - comet. Apa, m'nkhaniyi, ndi zina mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zokhudza Mapu Akale Akale a ku Sumeri.
1 | Tsiku lenileni la kukhudzidwa kwa comet
Zolemba za phaleli zimapereka tsiku ndi nthawi yeniyeni ya momwe meteor inakhudzira Padziko Lapansi: June 29, 3123 BC, malinga ndi zolembazo.
2 | Mabwinja a Royal Library ya King Ashurbanipal anali ndi mapiritsi ena 20,000 kuphatikiza Sumerian Planisphere
Mapale achikale opitilira 20,000 adafukulidwa ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale atafukula malo akale a mzinda wa Nineve, zomwe zidatenga zaka zingapo kuti amalize. “Planisphere,” yomwe ndi imene tikunena lerolino, imakhulupirira kuti ndiyo yovuta kwambiri kutanthauzira. Mwamwayi, zaka 150 pambuyo pake, zolembedwa zotsalazo zinatembenuzidwa, kusonyeza zinthu zambiri zimene poyamba zinali zosadziwika.
3 | The Planisphere ndi kopi yeniyeni ya choyambiriracho
Ofufuzawo amakhulupirira kuti Planisphere ndi chimodzimodzi ndi cholembapo chakale choyambirira chomwe chidapangidwa ndi katswiri wazakuthambo ndikuwona zomwe zidachitikadi panthawi ya moyo wake.
4 | Zithunzi zisanu ndi zitatu zowonetsa chochitika chonsecho, kuyambira kuwonekera kwa comet mpaka pamapeto pake
Ngakhale inali yocheperako (pafupifupi masentimita 14 m'mimba mwake), piritsi la Sumerian Star Map limawonetsa bwino zomwe zikuchitikazo pogawa zidutswa kapena zithunzi zisanu ndi zitatu. Pafupifupi theka la zolembedwazo zidawonongedwa pakapita nthawi, koma magawo omwe adatsala akadatha kumasuliridwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapano. Ngakhale inali yaying'ono komanso yayikulu, wopanga pulogalamuyo adakwanitsa kupereka chidziwitso chodabwitsa pazowonera komanso tanthauzo lake.
5 | Pali mafanizo a magulu a nyenyezi ndi mayina awo omveka pa Mapu a Nyenyezi ya ku Sumerian
Ngakhale timaganiza kuti makolo athu akale sanali otukuka bwanji, koma chowonadi ndichakuti anali ndi chidziwitso chokwanira cha thambo la usiku ndi magulu a nyenyezi osaposa momwe tingaganizire. Pali ziwonetsero za gulu la nyenyezi pa Planisphere, limodzi ndi mayina awo komanso komwe ali mogwirizana ndi njira ya comet yoyendamo ndendende. Chithunzi chachitatu, mwachitsanzo, chikuwulula kuti comet idadutsa mu Orion patsiku la 9 la mwambowu.
6 | Katswiri wa zakuthambo wakale adagwiritsa ntchito miyeso yolondola kwambiri yama trigonometrical
Katswiri wa zakuthambo wakale amamvetsetsa bwino za trigonometry ndipo amatha kujambula njira yandege, nthawi yobwera, ndi mtunda woyenda kuyambira pomwe udawonekera koyamba kumwamba.
7 | Zithunzi zisanu zoyambirira zikufotokoza za masiku 20 okumbukira zakuthambo
Zanenedwa kale kuti piritsiyi imagawidwa mu zidutswa zisanu ndi zitatu kapena zithunzi, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa motsatizana. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti deta yomwe yaperekedwa motsatira ndondomekoyi, kuyambira yoyamba mpaka yachisanu, imakhala ndi zochitika kuyambira pakuwona zakuthambo koyamba mpaka kumapeto kwa tsiku la 20 lisanafike tsiku la makumi awiri ndi limodzi. Chifukwa chake, comet ikuwonetsedwa pazithunzi zisanuzi pomwe imawoneka pamwamba.
8 | Chithunzi chachisanu ndi chimodzi ndi chachisanu ndi chiwiri zikufotokoza za kukhudzidwa kwake ndi zotsatira zake
Ngakhale kuti wowonererayo sanawone zomwe zikuchitika ali patali chifukwa zikanatanthauza mapeto a moyo wake, adalongosola kuwala kwa mlengalenga ndi kukwera kwakukulu kwa phulusa chifukwa cha kugunda, komwe kunalembedwa pa piritsi. Mwachidule, chithunzi chachisanu ndi chiwiri chimafotokoza zonse zomwe zidachitika usiku kugwa kwa chimwala. Kuseri kwa chizimezimezi, phulusa lonyezimira lofiira ndi mizati ya fumbi imakwera pamwamba pa madzi, zowonekera mumdima.
9 | Chithunzi chachisanu ndi chitatu, chomwe ndi chowombera chomaliza, chimaphatikizapo kuwerengetsa njira yoyenda ya comet
Katswiri wa zakuthambo wakale sanamalize zomwe adawona mpaka atawerengera molondola njira yoyendera ya comet isanawombane ndi Dziko Lapansi. Munali pa tsiku la 21 pakuwona pambuyo pake chithunzi chachisanu ndi chitatu chidapangidwa pambuyo pazomwe zidachitikazi. Pali zowonera zinayi zaulendo wa comet womwe udatengedwa masana kutatsala pang'ono kuwonongeka komwe kukuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi. Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti, ndondomeko yonse ya zinthu zimene zinalembedwa paphalepo n’zodabwitsa kwambiri, makamaka tikaganizira kuti zinthu zonse zimene zinalembedwa paphaletiyi zinalembedwa zaka zoposa 5,200 zapitazo.
10 | Comet yomwe yafotokozedwa pa Mapu a Star ya Sumerian mwina itha kutha kutukuka kwazikhalidwe zambiri zakale
Meteor ndi amene adachititsa kuti zamoyo padziko lapansi ziwonongeke kambirimbiri m'mbiri yonse, ndipo asayansi amalingalira kuti comet iyi mwina idakhudza kwambiri moyo wakale. Mwachindunji, mzinda wakale wa Akkad, womwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale sanathe kuupeza, ukanatha kuwonongedwa kwathunthu ndi vuto la comet. Ngakhale kuli kwakuti malo enieni a mzindawu sanadziwikebe, komabe, nkutheka kuti udawonongedwa chifukwa unali pafupi kwambiri ndi madera omwe anakhudzidwa. Kometiyo anangofafaniza zonse.
Kodi Tabuleti K8535 ingakhale yankho ku kugumuka kwachinsinsi kodabwitsa ku Köfels?
Kuphulika kwakukulu komwe kunayambira ku Köfels ku Austria kuli mamitala 500 kukhathamira ndi makilomita asanu m'mimba mwake ndipo kwakhala kwachilendo kwanthawi yayitali kuyambira pomwe akatswiri ama geologist adaziyang'ana kumapeto kwa zaka za 19th. Mapeto omwe adatengedwa ndikufufuza pakati pa zaka za zana la 20 anali oti ziyenera kukhala chifukwa champhamvu yayikulu kwambiri yamiyala chifukwa chaumboni wa kupsinjika ndi kuphulika.
Koma malingaliro awa adasokonekera monga kumvetsetsa bwino kwa masamba omwe adakhudzidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za 20th. Komabe, umboni wosiyanitsidwa womwe udalembedwa papiritsi ya Sumerian Planisphere K8535 umabweretsanso chiphunzitsochi. Sichoncho?
Kutsiliza
Phale la K8535 ndi cholembedwa chakumapeto kwa Babulo cha phale loyambirira lakuthambo la Asumeriya. Chikalata choyambirira, chomwe chimaonedwa kuti ndi chofunikira kwambiri, chidakopedwa kwa zaka zoposa 2,500.
Comet yomwe idawonedwa idadutsa Pleiades, Aldebaran, idasunthira kupita ku Orion ndipo pamapeto pake idakumana ndi chitukuko chaulimi chotukuka kwambiri cha Akkad ndi Sumer, mu 3123 BC, kuwononga ufumu wonse wa Akkadian ndi likulu lake la Agade.
Pafupifupi 40% ya piritsiyo ikusowa. Mwamwayi, njira yonse yandege ya comet imasungidwa. Zigawo zoduka makamaka zimafotokoza za kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika komanso zomwe zimachitika pambuyo pake, kujambula zomwe zimawoneka kuchokera pa nsanja yowonera, ndikuyang'ana komwe kudachitika ngoziyo. Izi ndizokwanira kuti mumangiretu mwatsatanetsatane wa comet komanso momwe zimayendera.
Nkhani ya mboni ya K8538 iyenera kuwerengedwa ngati gawo limodzi lamilandu yambiri yosungidwa ya "mzinda wa Mesopotamiya", womwe umafotokoza kutha kwa Akkad ndi Sumer ndi namondwe wamkulu wamlengalenga.
Maliro awa adalankhulidwapo pagulu pagulu kwazaka zambiri, limodzi ndi woyimba ngodya. Njira yawo yolira maliro idasocheretsa akatswiri ena amasiku ano kuti asonyeze kuti zolembedwazo ndi zosangalatsa zongopeka komanso zongopeka, ndikuti sipadakhale mphepo yamkuntho yowononga ku Sumer, osanyalanyaza zomwe mazana a mboni zakale.
Phale lolembapo la K8538 lidapangidwa ndi katswiri wazakuthambo wosazindikira waku Sumerian, yemwe adazindikira kufunikira kwa mwambowu pa nsanja yake yoyang'anira zakuthambo ndikuganiza kuti alembe. Olembawo Bond ndi Hempsell adamupatsa dzina loti "Lugalansheigibar - munthu wamkulu yemwe adayang'ana kumwamba."
Zochitika zake mu trigonometrical zikuwonetsa kuyandikira kwa nyenyezi ndi momwe zimakhudzira dziko lapansi. Pachifukwa ichi, K8538 idatetezedwa, kubwezeretsedwanso ndikukopedwa kwazaka zambiri. Phaleli limasonyeza kuchuluka kwa sayansi ndi zakuthambo komwe kudafika zaka zikwi zinayi zapitazo.
Masiku ano, mtengo weniweni wa K8538 sikuti umangokhala mbiri yakale. Ndizofunikanso kwambiri masiku ano komanso tsogolo la anthu, chifukwa limapanganso mawonekedwe apadera komanso olondola owonera zakuthambo zakuthambo, zomwe zimakhudza Dziko Lapansi.
