Zoyesa za 25 zoyipa kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu
Tonsefe timadziwa kuti sayansi ndi yokhudza 'kupeza' ndi 'kufufuza' komwe kumalowetsa umbuli ndi zamatsenga ndi chidziwitso. Ndipo tsiku ndi tsiku, matani osanthula asayansi atenga gawo lalikulu pokwaniritsa kutalika ngati magawo a biomedicine ndi psychology, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale njira yodabwitsa yopezera njira zothandiza kutolera chidziwitso choyenera, kuthana ndi zovuta zamthupi kapena zamaganizidwe, komanso kupulumutsa ife kuchokera kuzinthu zina zakupha nthawi imodzi. Zitha kuphatikizaponso kuchita zinthu zina zachilendo. M'zaka 200 zapitazi, asayansi m'dzina la kafukufuku wapainiya achita zoyeserera zachilendo kwambiri komanso zankhanza m'mbiri ya anthu zomwe zidzasokeretse anthu kosatha.
Nazi, zotsatirazi ndi mndandanda wazomwe zasokoneza kwambiri, zowopsya komanso zosagwirizana ndi sayansi zomwe zakhala zikuchitika m'mbiri ya anthu zomwe zingakupangitseni maloto atulo anu:
1 | Yesu Khristu Atatu
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, katswiri wamaganizidwe a Milton Rokeach adapeza amuna atatu akuvutika ndi chinyengo cha kukhala Yesu. Munthu aliyense anali ndi malingaliro akeawo apadera kuti anali ndani. Rokeach adawabweretsa pamodzi ku Ypsilanti State Hospital ku Michigan ndikuyesa komwe odwala atatuwa adakhala limodzi kwa zaka ziwiri, pofuna kudziwa ngati zikhulupiriro zawo zisintha.
Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, adakangana kuti Yesu ndani kwenikweni. Wodwala wina amalira kwa mnzake, “Ayi, undipembedza!” kukulitsa mkangano. Kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe, Rokeach adasinthira miyoyo ya odwala popanga vuto lalikulu kuti asokoneze mayankho am'malingaliro. Pamapeto pake, palibe wodwala yemwe adachiritsidwa. Rokeach wakhazikitsa mafunso angapo okhudzana ndi njira yake yothandizira omwe zotsatira zake zinali zosakwanira komanso zopanda phindu.
2 | Kuyesa Kwa Akaidi Aku Stanford
Mu 1971, kuyesa ku Yunivesite ya Stanford ku California kudatsimikizira kuti anthu, ngakhale omwe sitimayembekezera, mwachilengedwe amakhala ndi mbali yankhanza yomwe imatuluka chifukwa cha zoyambitsa zina. Katswiri wazamisala Philip Zimbardo ndi gulu lake lofufuza adatenga 24 omaliza maphunziro ndikuwapatsa udindo ngati akaidi kapena alonda, m'ndende yoseketsa.
Ngakhale adalangizidwa kuti asagwiritse ntchito nkhanza zilizonse posungitsa bata ndi bata, patangotha masiku ochepa, m'modzi mwa alonda atatu akuwonetsa zikhalidwe zoyipa, akaidi awiri amayenera kuchotsedwa msanga chifukwa chazisoni, ndipo kuyesera konseku kudangokhala zisanu ndi chimodzi zokha masiku 14 omwe adakonzedwa. Idawonetsa momwe anthu abwinobwino amatha kuchitira nkhanza, m'malo omwe amapezeka mosavuta, ngakhale atakhala kuti sanasonyeze zizindikilozo zisanachitike.
3 | Ubongo Waumunthu - Wotsekedwa Mu Mbewa!
Ofufuza ku Salk Institute ku La Jolla adazindikira momwe angakulire maselo amubongo mwa kubaya timaselo tating'onoting'ono timagulu ta fetus. Izi zimaphatikiza zowopsa zamapazi am'munsi ndi kafukufuku wama transgenic kuti atipatse ana mbewa yama squers, kapena anthu omwe ali ndi ubongo wama rodent.
4 | Zoyeserera Zaumunthu Za Nazi
M'mbiri ya anthu, nkhanza zachipatala zomwe a Nazi adachita ndizodabwitsa komanso zosokoneza kwambiri zomwe zalembedwa komanso zowopsa. Kuyesaku kunkachitika m'misasa yachibalo, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa imfa, kuwonongeka, kapena kulumala kwamuyaya.
Amayesa kuziika mafupa, minofu, ndi mitsempha; kuwonetsa omwe akuvutika ndi matenda ndi mpweya wamankhwala; yolera yotseketsa, ndi china chilichonse chomwe madokotala otchuka achi Nazi angaganize.
Kuyesera kwankhanza kwambiri kunachitika mzaka za 1940 ndi dokotala wa Nazi wotchedwa Josef Mengele, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti “Mngelo wa Imfa”. Anagwiritsa ntchito mapasa pafupifupi 1,500, makamaka ana achi Romany ndi achiyuda, pazovuta zake zopweteka ku Auschwitz. Ndi 200 okha omwe adapulumuka. Zomwe adachita ndikuphatikizira kutenga diso la m'modzi la mapasa awiri ndikuliphatika kumbuyo kwa mutu wa amapasa ena, kusintha mtundu wa ana mwa kubaya utoto, kuwaika m'zipinda zapanikizika, kuwayeza ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuponya kapena kuzizira mpaka kufa, ndikuwonetsa osiyanasiyana zoopsa zina. Nthawi ina, mapasa awiri achi Romany adasokedwa pamodzi kuti apange mapasa ogwirizana.
Kupatula izi, mu 1942, pofuna kuthandiza oyendetsa ndege aku Germany, Gulu Lankhondo Laku Germany (Nazi) linatsekera akaidi ochokera kundende ya Dachau m'chipinda chopanda mpweya, chotsika kwambiri. Chipindacho chidapangidwa motere kotero kuti mikhalidwe mkati mwake inali pamalo okwera mpaka 66,000 ft. Kuyesa kowopsa kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti anthu 80 mwa maphunziro 200 aphedwe. Anthu omwe anapulumuka anaphedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana zowopsa.
Chomwe chikuwopsyezanso ndichakuti izi zinali zothandiza kwa sayansi ya zamankhwala. Zambiri zomwe timadziwa zakukwera, kutentha thupi komanso kuzizira kwa anthu zimachokera pazambiri zomwe zatengedwa pazoyeserera zoyipa za Nazi. Ambiri afunsa mafunso okhudza momwe angagwiritsire ntchito zomwe adapeza munthawi zowawazi.
5 | Phunziro la Chilombo
Mu 1939, ofufuza a University of Iowa a Wendell Johnson ndi a Mary Tudor adachita chibwibwi pa ana 22 amasiye ku Davenport, Iowa; kunena kuti alandila chithandizo choyankhulira. Madotolo adagawa anawo m'magulu awiri, loyamba lomwe lidalandira chithandizo cholankhula bwino pomwe ana amayamikiridwa chifukwa cholankhula bwino.
Mgulu lachiwiri, ana amalandila chithandizo cholankhula cholakwika ndipo amanyozedwa pakulankhula kulikonse. Ana olankhula zabwinobwino mgulu lachiwirili adakumana ndi zovuta zolankhula zomwe adazisunga kwa moyo wawo wonse. Pochita mantha ndi mbiri ya zoyeserera zaumunthu zomwe a Nazi adachita, a Johnson ndi Tudor sanatulutse zotsatira zawo "Phunziro la Chilombo."
6 | Khadi Lodziwika Lodziwika
Kuzindikiritsa wailesi-pafupipafupi (RFID) imagwiritsa ntchito magawo amagetsi kuti izindikire ndikutsata ma tag ophatikizidwa ndi zinthu. Matagiwo amakhala ndi zinthu zosungidwa pakompyuta. Choyamba RFID Kukhazikika mwa munthu kunali mu 1998, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo zakhala zosavuta kwa anthu omwe akufuna kukhala cyborg pang'ono. Tsopano makampani, ndende, ndi zipatala FDA kuvomereza kuti muwapatse iwo payekha, kuti athe kudziwa komwe anthu akupita. Woyimira milandu ku Mexico adagwira antchito 18 kuti aziwongolera omwe ali ndi zikalata. Chiyembekezo choti bizinesi yokakamiza ogwira ntchito kuti alandire chomera chilichonse ndi chodabwitsa komanso chankhanza.
7 | Zoyeserera Zatsopano za Makanda Obadwa (M'zaka za m'ma 1960)
M'zaka za m'ma 1960, ofufuza ku yunivesite ya California adagwiritsa ntchito ana pafupifupi 113 azaka chimodzi mpaka miyezi itatu m'mayesero osiyanasiyana kuti aphunzire kusintha kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi. M'modzi mwa zoyeserera, ana akhanda 50 adamangiriridwa payekha pagulu lodulidwa. Kenako amapendekekedwa mwanjira inayake kuti magazi azithamangira kumutu kwawo kuti ayesedwe magazi awo.
8 | Mayeso A radiation Kwa Amayi Oyembekezera
Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, zida zowulutsa nyukiliya zinayesedwa kwa amayi apakati. Ofufuza zamankhwala ku America adadyetsa azimayi oyembekezera 829 pomwe ali ndi malingaliro paukadaulo ndi zida zamankhwala nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha. Ozunzidwa adauzidwa kuti amapatsidwa 'zakumwa zamphamvu' zomwe zithandizira makanda awo kukhala athanzi. Osati ana okha anafa ndi khansa ya m'magazi, komanso amayi amakumana ndi zotupa zazikulu ndi mikwingwirima, komanso matenda ena a khansa.
9 | Sigmund Freud Ndi Nkhani Ya Emma Eckstein
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, Eckstein adabwera ku Freud kuti akalandire matenda amanjenje. Anamupeza ali ndi chisokonezo komanso kuseweretsa maliseche. Mnzake Willhelm Fleis amakhulupirira kuti kukwiya komanso kuseweretsa maliseche kungathe kuchiritsidwa potulutsa mphuno, kotero adachita opareshoni ku Eckstein komwe adawotcha mphuno zake. Anadwala matenda owopsa, ndipo adasiyidwa konse pomwe Fleiss adasiya gauze yopanga opaleshoni m'mphuno mwake. Azimayi ena adakumana ndi mayesero omwewo.
10 | Kuyesa Kwama Miligramu
Kuyesera kochititsa manyazi kochitidwa ndi Stanley Milgram m'ma 1960 mu imodzi mwamafukufuku odziwika bwino kunja uko, ndipo ndi chifukwa chabwino. Idawonetsa kutalika komwe anthu angapite akauzidwa kuti avulaze winawake ndi wamkulu. Kafukufuku wodziwika bwino wamaganizidwe adabweretsa odzipereka omwe amaganiza kuti akuchita nawo zoyeserera komwe angabweretse chisokonezo pamutu wina woyeserera.
Dokotala adapempha kuti achititse zodabwitsazi komanso zazikulu, kuyambira ma volts 15 mpaka kutha pama volts 450, ngakhale pomwe "test test" idayamba kukuwa ndi ululu ndipo (nthawi zina) imwalira. M'malo mwake, kuyesera kunali kuwona momwe anthu omvera angakhalire adokotala atawauza kuti achite china chake chomwe mwachidziwikire ndi chowopsa ndipo mwina chimatha kupha.
Ambiri mwa omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu anali okonzeka kudabwitsa "mayeso oyeserera" (ochita zisudzo omwe adalembedwa ndi Milgram omwe adachita zabodza) mpaka atakhulupirira kuti maphunziro awo avulala kapena afa. Pambuyo pake, ambiri omwe adatenga nawo gawo adati adasokonezeka moyo atazindikira kuti amatha kuchita nkhanza zoterezi.
11 | Kulimbikitsidwa kwa Robert Heath Kugonana Kwamagetsi
Robert G. Heath anali katswiri wazamisala waku America yemwe adatsata chiphunzitso cha 'matenda amisala' kuti kupunduka kwachilengedwe ndi komwe kumayambitsa matenda amisala, ndikuti mavuto am'maganizo amachiritsidwa mwanjira zina. Kuti atsimikizire izi, mu 1953, Dr. Heath adayika maelekitirodi muubongo wamutu ndipo adadabwitsa dera lachigawo - lomwe limakhudzana ndi chisangalalo - komanso mbali zina zambiri zaubongo wake.
Kugwiritsa ntchito izi kukondoweza kwakukulu kwa ubongo njira, adayesapo nkhaniyi ndi njira yothetsera kusintha kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo adati adasintha munthu wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, olembedwa mu pepala lake kuti Wodwala B-19. Maelekitirodi azisangalalo adalimbikitsidwa pomwe adawonetsedwa zolaula. Wodwalayo pambuyo pake adalimbikitsidwa kuti agone ndi hule lomwe lidatumizidwa kuti liphunzire. Zotsatira zake, Heath adati wodwalayo adasinthidwa kukhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Komabe, kafukufukuyu akuwoneka kuti ndi wopanda pake masiku ano pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana.
12 | Wasayansi Amalola Tizilombo Tizikhala mkati Mwake!
Utitiri wa mchenga, womwe umadziwikanso kuti chigger utitiri, ndi wokongola kwambiri. Imakhazikika kwamuyaya pakhungu la munthu wamagazi ofunda - ngati munthu - pomwe imafufuma, imachita chimbudzi, ndikupanga mazira, isanafe milungu 4-6 pambuyo pake, ikulowetsedwa pakhungu. Tikudziwa zambiri za iwo, koma mpaka pano, moyo wawo wogonana wabisika. Osatinso: Wofufuza ku Madagascar anali ndi chidwi chachitukuko cha mchenga kotero kuti adalola nsikidzi imodzi kukhala mkati mwa phazi lake kwa miyezi iwiri. Malingaliro ake okondana adalipira: Adazindikira kuti tiziromboti nthawi zambiri timagonana pomwe akazi amakhala kale mkati mwa omwe amawasunga.
13 | Wopatsa Stimoceiver
José Delgado, pulofesa ku Yale, adapanga Stimocever, wailesi yomwe idakhazikika muubongo kuwongolera machitidwe. Chodabwitsa kwambiri, adawonetsa kuyesetsa kwake poyimitsa ng'ombe yonyamula ndi choyikacho. Pokhapokha ngati ichi chitha kuwongolera zochita za anthu. Nthawi ina, kulowetsa kunadzetsa chidwi kwa mayi, yemwe adasiya kudzisamalira ndipo adataya ntchito zamagalimoto atagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zidamupangitsa. Anayamba kukhala ndi zilonda pachala chake chifukwa chosinthasintha matalikidwe ake.
14 | Kuyesa kwa THN1412 Mankhwala
Mu 2007, mayeso azamankhwala adayamba Mtengo wa THN1412, mankhwala a khansa ya m'magazi. Anayesedwa kale m'zinyama ndipo anapezeka ali otetezeka kwathunthu. Nthawi zambiri, mankhwala amawerengedwa kuti ndi abwino kuyesa anthu ngati apezeka kuti sanabereke nyama. Kuyesedwa kumayamba m'mitu ya anthu, anthuwo amapatsidwa mankhwala ochepetsa magazi nthawi 500 kutsika kuposa omwe amapezeka kuti ali otetezeka kuzinyama. Komabe, mankhwalawa, otetezedwa ndi nyama, adayambitsa ziwopsezo m'thupi poyesedwa. Apa kusiyana pakati pa nyama ndi anthu kunali koopsa.
15 | Dr.William Beaumont Ndi Mimba
Mu 1822, wogulitsa ubweya pachilumba cha Mackinac ku Michigan adaphedwa mwangozi m'mimba ndikuchiritsidwa ndi a Dr. William Beaumont. Ngakhale adaneneratu zowopsa, wogulitsa ubweya adapulumuka - koma ndi bowo (fistula) m'mimba mwake lomwe silinachiritse. Pozindikira mwayi wapadera wowonera kugaya chakudya, Beaumont adayamba kuyesa. Beaumont amamangirira chakudya pachingwe, kenako ndikuchiyika kudzera pabowo m'mimba mwa wochita malonda. Maola ochepa aliwonse, Beaumont amachotsa chakudyacho kuti aone momwe chasekedwera. Ngakhale zoyipa, zoyeserera za Beaumont zidapangitsa kuti padziko lonse lapansi avomereze kuti chimbudzi chinali mankhwala, osati makina.
16 | Ntchito za CIA MK-ULTRA & QKHILLTOP
MK-ULTRA linali dzina lakhodi pamayeso angapo ofufuza zoyeserera zamaganizidwe a CIA, omwe anali atafunsidwa kwambiri pamafunso amankhwala ndi dosing ya LSD. Pogwira ntchito Pakati pausiku, adalemba ganyu mahule kuti amwe makasitomala ndi LSD kuti awone momwe zingakhudzire omwe atenga nawo mbali. Lingaliro lomwe bungwe la Boma likuyesa kuwongolera malingaliro, onse kuti alimbikitse kuthekera kwamaganizidwe a abwenzi ake, ndikuwononga adani ake, ndilowopsa.
Mu 1954, CIA idapanga kuyesa kotchedwa Ntchito QKHILLTOP kuphunzira njira zaku China zokulutsira bongo, zomwe adagwiritsa ntchito popanga njira zatsopano zofunsira mafunso. Yemwe adatsogolera kafukufukuyu anali Dr. Harold Wolff waku Cornell University Medical School. Pambuyo pofunsa kuti CIA imupatse zambiri zakumangidwa, kunyalanyazidwa, kunyazitsidwa, kuzunzidwa, kusamba m'maganizo, ma hypnoses, ndi zina zambiri, gulu lofufuza la Wolff lidayamba kupanga mapulani omwe angapangire mankhwala achinsinsi ndi njira zingapo zowononga ubongo. Malinga ndi kalata yomwe adalemba, kuti athe kuyesa bwino zotsatira zakufufuza koyipa, Wolff amayembekeza kuti CIA "ipereka maphunziro oyenera.
17 | Kuchotsa Ziwalo Zathu Kuti Muchiritse Misala
Dr. Henry Cotton anali dokotala wamkulu wa New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum yomwe pano ikutchedwa Trenton Psychiatric Hospital. Anali wotsimikiza kuti ziwalo zamkati, zikayamba kudwala matenda, ndizomwe zimayambitsa misala ndipo ziyenera kutengedwa kuti ziphunzire. Mu 1907, "Bacteriology ya opaleshoni" Njirazo zinkachitika nthawi zambiri popanda chilolezo cha odwala. Mano, ma toni komanso ziwalo zamkati zakuya monga ma colon omwe amaganiziridwa kuti amayambitsa misala adatulutsidwa. Kuti atsimikizire mfundo yake, adotolo adatulutsanso mano ake, komanso a mkazi wake ndi ana ake! Odwala makumi anayi mphambu asanu ndi anayi adamwalira ndi ndondomekoyi, yomwe adati ndiyabwino "Kumapeto kwa matenda amisala." Pakadali pano akuwoneka ngati katswiri wapainiya yemwe adapereka njira yoti athetsere misala - koma otsutsa amaonabe kuti ntchito zake ndizowopsa, komabe!
18 | Hepatitis Mwa Ana Olumala
M'zaka za m'ma 1950, Willowbrook State School, malo oyendetsedwa ndi boma ku New York kwa ana olumala m'maganizo, adayamba kudwala matenda a chiwindi. Chifukwa cha kusayera, zinali zosapeweka kuti ana awa atenga matenda a chiwindi. Dr. Saul Krugman, wotumizidwa kuti akafufuze za mliriwu, akufuna kuyesa komwe kungathandize pakupanga katemera. Komabe, kuyesaku kunafuna kupatsira dala anawo mwadala. Ngakhale kuphunzira kwa Krugman kunali kotsutsana kuyambira pachiyambi, otsutsa pamapeto pake adatonthozedwa ndi zilembo zololeza zoperekedwa kuchokera kwa makolo a mwana aliyense. M'malo mwake, kupereka mwana kuti ayesedwe nthawi zambiri inali njira yokhayo yotsimikizirira kuti aloledwa kulowa m'malo odzaza anthu.
19 | Kuyesa Kwanthu Ku Soviet Union
Kuyambira mu 1921 ndikupitilira mzaka zambiri za 21st, Soviet Union idagwiritsa ntchito malo opangira poizoni omwe amadziwika kuti Laboratory 1, Laboratory 12, ndi Kamera ngati malo obisalira ofufuza apolisi achinsinsi. Akaidi ochokera ku Gulags adapezeka ndi ziphe zingapo zakupha, zomwe cholinga chake chinali kupeza mankhwala opanda pake, opanda fungo omwe samatha kupezeka atafa. Poizoni woyesedwa anaphatikizapo mpweya wa mpiru, ricin, digitoxin, ndi curare, pakati pa ena. Amuna ndi akazi amisinkhu yosiyanasiyana ndi mikhalidwe yakuthupi adabweretsedwa kumalaboroti ndikupatsidwa ziphe ngati "mankhwala," kapena gawo la chakudya kapena chakumwa.
20 | Kusunga Mutu Wa Galu Ndi Moyo
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1920, sing'anga waku Soviet dzina lake Sergei Brukhonenko adaganiza zoyesa malingaliro ake, kudzera pakuyesa kovuta kwambiri. Anadula mutu galu ndikugwiritsa ntchito makina omwe adadzipangira okha otchedwa 'autojektor,adakwanitsa kusunga mutu wamoyo kwa maola angapo. Anawala kuwala m'maso mwake, ndipo maso anaphethira. Atamenyetsa nyundo patebulo, galuyo anadzidzimuka. Anadyetsanso mutu chidutswa cha tchizi, chomwe nthawi yomweyo chimatulutsa chubu cha oesophagal kumapeto ena. Mutu udalidi wamoyo. Brukhonenko adapanga mtundu watsopano wa makina (kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kwa anthu) chaka chomwecho; zitha kuwoneka lero kuwonetsedwa ku Museum of Cardiovascular Surgery ku Bakulev Scientific Center of Cardiovascular Surgery ku Russia.
21 | Ntchito ya Lazaro
Muma 1930, Dr. Robert E. Cornish, wasayansi wachinyamata waku California yemwe adadabwitsa mtunduwo pobweretsa galu wakufa, Lazaro, kubwerera kumoyo pambuyo poyesa katatu. Anati adapeza njira yosungira moyo kwa akufa; pakakhala kuti ziwalo zazikuluzikulu sizinawonongeke. Pochita izi, amabaya mankhwala osakaniza kudzera m'mitsempha ya mitembo. Tsopano anali kukonzekera kubwereza kuyesa kwake pogwiritsa ntchito maphunziro aanthu. Chifukwa chake adapempha abwanamkubwa a mayiko atatuwa, Colorado, Arizona ndi Nevada kuti amupatse matupi a zigawenga atadziwika kuti afa m'zipinda zophera mpweya - koma zopempha zake zidakanidwa pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, atamva za zovuta zake, anthu pafupifupi 50, omwe anali ndi chidwi ndi sayansi komanso malipiro, adadzipereka ngati nzika zawo.
22 | Zofufuza Zaumunthu Ku Noth Korea
Anthu angapo opunduka ku North Korea afotokoza momwe akuchitira umboni zosokoneza zoyeserera za anthu. Poyesera komwe akuti, akaidi azimayi 50 athanzi adapatsidwa masamba a kabichi wapoizoni - azimayi onse 50 anali atamwalira pasanathe mphindi 20. Zina zomwe zafotokozedwazo ndi monga kuchitira opaleshoni akaidi opanda anesthesia, kufa ndi njala yokwanira, kumenya andende pamutu asanagwiritse ntchito omwe amakhala ngati zombie pochita zomwe akufuna, komanso zipinda momwe mabanja onse amaphedwa ndi mpweya wofiirira. Amati mwezi uliwonse, galimoto yakuda yomwe imadziwika kuti "khwangwala" imatenga 40-50 anthu ochokera kumsasa ndikuwatengera kumalo odziwika bwino kuti akayesere.
23 | Ntchito Yotsutsa
Ntchito yoyeserera iyi idachitika nthawi ya tsankho ku South Africa. Wotsogozedwa ndi Dr. Aubrey Levin, pulogalamuyo idazindikira asirikali achigololo ochokera kunkhondo ndikuwazunza koopsa. Pakati pa 1971 ndi 1989, asitikali ambiri anali atatumizidwa kukachiritsidwa kwa mankhwala ndi magetsi. Atalephera kusintha malingaliro azakugonana a omwe adachitidwa nkhanza, amakakamiza asirikaliwo pakusintha zakugonana. Akuti amuna 900 achigololo, makamaka azaka zapakati pa 16 mpaka 24, adawasandutsa azimayiwo.
24 | Unit 731
Mu 1937, a Asitikali achifumu achi Japan adachita zoyeserera zankhanza kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu, ngakhale ndizodziwika pang'ono kuposa zoyeserera za Nazi - bwanji, mudzazipeza patapita kanthawi. Imeneyi inali yoyambitsa milandu yodziwika bwino kwambiri yankhondo yomwe Imperial Japan idachita.
Kuyesaku kunachitika mumzinda wa Pingfang m'chigawo cha zidole ku Japan ku Manchukuo (komwe tsopano ndi Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China). Amanga nyumba yayikulu yokhala ndi nyumba 105 ndipo adabweretsa mitu yoyesera kuphatikiza makanda, okalamba ndi amayi apakati. Ambiri mwa omwe adazunzidwa anali achi China pomwe ochepa anali Soviet, Mongolia, Korea, ndi ma Allied POWs ena.
Ambiri mwa iwo adayang'aniridwa, ndikuchita opaleshoni yovuta kwa akaidi, kuchotsa ziwalo kuti aphunzire za matenda m'thupi la munthu, nthawi zambiri popanda ochititsa dzanzi ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatha ndikamwalira kwa ozunzidwa. Izi zinkachitika pomwe odwala anali amoyo chifukwa zimaganiziridwa kuti kumwalira kwa mutuwo kukhudza zotsatira. Akaidi adadulidwa ziwalo kuti aphunzire kutaya magazi. Miyendo yomwe idachotsedwa nthawi zina imamangidwanso mbali zina za thupi.
Akaidi ena adachotsedwa m'mimba ndipo m'mimbamo munalumikizidwanso matumbo. Ziwalo zina, monga ubongo, mapapo, ndi chiwindi, zidachotsedwa mwa akaidi ena. Nkhani zina zikuwonetsa kuti mchitidwe wowonera anthu mitu idafalikira ngakhale kunja kwa Unit 731.
Kupatula izi, akaidi adabayidwa ndi matenda monga syphilis ndi gonorrhea, kuti aphunzire zovuta zamatenda omwe sanathere. Akaidi achikazi nawonso anali kugwiriridwa mobwerezabwereza ndi alonda ndipo amawakakamiza kutenga pakati kuti adzawagwiritse ntchito poyesa. Katundu wokhudzidwa ndi miliri wokhala m'mabomba adaponyedwa pazolinga zosiyanasiyana. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomwe anthu amayesa kuyesa ma grenade okhala patali. Ozimitsa moto anayesedwa pa iwo ndipo nawonso amamangiriridwa pamtengo ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mipherezero yoyesera bomba lomwe limatulutsa majeremusi, zida zamankhwala, komanso bomba lomwe likuphulika.
M'mayesero ena, akaidi amalandidwa chakudya ndi madzi, ndikuwayika muzipinda zothamanga kwambiri mpaka kumwalira; kuyesedwa kuti adziwe ubale pakati pa kutentha, kutentha, ndi kupulumuka kwa anthu; kuyikidwa mu ma centrifuge ndikuwombera mpaka kufa; jekeseni ndi magazi a nyama; kuwonetsedwa pamiyeso yoopsa ya ma x-ray; okhala ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala mkati mwa zipinda zamagesi; jakisoni ndi madzi a m'nyanja; ndikuwotchedwa kapena kuyikidwa m'manda amoyo. Amuna, akazi, ndi ana osachepera 3,000 adabweretsedwa kumeneko, ndipo sipanakhalepo nkhani za omwe adapulumuka ku Unit 731.
Bungweli lidalandira thandizo loolowa manja kuchokera ku boma la Japan mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondoyo mu 1945. M'malo mozengedwa milandu yankhondo itatha, ofufuza omwe ali mgulu la Unit 731 adapatsidwa chitetezo chobisalira ndi United States posinthana ndi zomwe adalemba anasonkhanitsidwa mwa kuyesa kwaumunthu.
25 | Kuyesera kwa Tuskegee Ndi Guatemala Syphilis
Pakati pa 1932 ndi 1972, alimi 399 osauka aku Africa-America ku Tuskegee, Alabama, ndi syphilis adalembedwa pulogalamu yaulere motsogozedwa ndi US Public Health Service kuti athe kuchiza matenda awo. Koma asayansi mwachinsinsi anachita kuyesa odwala, kukana chithandizo chothandiza (penicillin) ngakhale atakhalako; kungowona momwe matendawa amapitilira ngati sakuchiritsidwa. Mu 1973, omverawo adasumira boma la US chifukwa chakuyesa kwawo kokayikitsa komwe kumabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu m'malamulo aku America pazovomerezeka pazoyesera zamankhwala.
Kuchokera mu 1946 mpaka 1948, boma la United States, Purezidenti wa Guatemala Juan José Arévalo, ndi maofesi ena azaumoyo ku Guatemala adagwirizana poyesa anthu osokoneza nzika zaku Guatemala. Madokotala amapatsira dala asirikali, mahule, akaidi, komanso odwala matenda amisala ndi syphilis ndi matenda ena opatsirana pogonana poyesera kuti azindikire kukula kwawo kwachilengedwe. Pochiritsidwa ndi maantibayotiki, kuyesaku kudapangitsa kuti pakhale anthu osachepera 30 omwe adamwalira. Mu 2010, United States idapepesa ku Guatemala chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali pazoyesererazi.
Izi zinali zoyesayesa zosokoneza kwambiri komanso zosayenerera za sayansi zomwe zidachitikapo m'mbiri ya anthu zomwe tidazipeza kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zodalirika. Komabe, pali zinthu zowopsa kwambiri zasayansi zomwe zidachitika nthawi yakuphedwa kwa mbiriyakale yapadziko lonse koma sizinalembedwe ndendende. Nthawi zambiri timayang'ana asayansi modabwitsa, koma m'dzina la kupita patsogolo, zoyesayesa zoyipa za sayansizi ndi njira zawo zosayenerera zimatikakamiza kuzindikira ntchito yomwe ili yowopsa, momwe miyoyo yambiri yaperekedwa mosagwirizana ndi chifuniro chawo. Ndipo chomvetsa chisoni kwambiri ndikuti mwanjira ina zikuchitikabe kwinakwake. Tikukhulupirira tsiku lina ife anthu tidzakhulupirira sayansi yaumunthu kuti tithandizire anthu komanso nyama, kuti tipeze nkhanza.
