Raws li peb maj nrawm los ntawm peb cov kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub, tsis tu ncua ntawm kev saib xyuas qhov tseeb thiab zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev siv tshuab thiab kev tsim kho tshiab, nws yooj yim rau tsis nco qab. zoo kawg nkaus feats ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv. Millennia dhau los, ntev ua ntej qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm cov hlau, peb cov poj koob yawm txwv thaum ub tau tsim qee yam ntawm cov cuab yeej ntse tshaj plaws thiab meej tshaj plaws uas siv cov khoom zoo nkauj - obsidian. Qhov khoom siv dav hlau-dub no tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov zej zog thaum ub rau nws qhov ntse thiab ua haujlwm ntev.
Obsidian muaj nuj nqis heev uas nws tau pauv ntawm cov neeg nyob deb, thiab kev tsov kev rog tau tawm tsam nws. Tab sis, tsis zoo li ntau lwm yam khoom qub qub, obsidian tsis tau poob nws qhov cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm. Nws yog qhov txaus nyiam uas xav tias lub pob zeb qub no tseem siv tau niaj hnub no, thiab nws zaj dab neeg txuas ntxiv mus.
Keeb kwm ntawm obsidian cov cuab yeej
Cov ntawv sau ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm obsidian tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau Kariandusi, Kenya, thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm Acheulian hnub nyoog, uas hnub rov qab mus rau 700,000 BC. Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog ob peb yam khoom los ntawm lub sijhawm no tau tshwm sim txheeb ze rau Neolithic era.
Kev tsim tawm ntawm obsidian bladelets ntawm Lipari tau ua tiav qib siab dua ntawm qhov tseeb hauv lub sijhawm Neolithic lig thiab tau pauv pauv thoob plaws Sicily, sab qab teb Po dej hav, thiab Croatia. Obsidian bladelets tau siv thaum lub sijhawm ua kevcai txiav thiab txiav cov menyuam mos cov hlab ntsha. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias Anatolian qhov chaw ntawm obsidian tau siv nyob rau hauv Levant thiab niaj hnub Iraqi Kurdistan pib nyob rau hauv kwv yees li 12,500 BC. Obsidian relics muaj nyob rau ntawm Qhia Brak, yog ib lub nroog loj tshaj plaws hauv Mesopotamia, yos rov qab rau xyoo pua tsib xyoo BC.
Tom qab Pob Zeb Hnub Nyoog, thaum lub ntiaj teb pib hloov pauv nrog kev txais yuav tooj liab, tooj dag, thiab hlau rau riam phom thiab kev sib raug zoo, Aztecs tsis tau txais cov riam phom hlau. Tsis muaj qhov xav tau, raws li lawv muaj obsidian hauv lawv txhais tes.
Cov Neeg Khab Khab Mayan tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev siv obsidian cov hniav zoo nkauj ua ntej 2,500 xyoo dhau los. Txij li thaum obsidian yuav tawg mus rau ib qho atom, nws tau thov kom muaj qhov txiav ntug tsib puas npaug tshaj qhov ntse tshaj steel hniav, thiab nyob rau hauv lub siab magnification microscope ib obsidian hniav tseem zoo li du, whereas steel hniav muaj ib tug saw zoo li ntug. .
Aztecs tsim los yog tsim cov cuab yeej thiab riam phom ua los ntawm obsidian li cas?
Lub Aztecs tsis tas yuav tsim obsidian; nws tuaj yeem muab tau yooj yim. Obsidian yog ib yam ntawm cov iav uas twb muaj lawm uas tshwm sim thaum lava, tawm ntawm lub roob hluav taws tawg, ua kom khov sai, ua rau tsawg heev kom tsis muaj cov khoom siv lead ua.
Hom ntawm lava lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim ntawm obsidian yog hu ua felsic lava. Hom lava no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm nws cov khoom hnyav xws li oxygen, potassium, sodium, silicon, thiab txhuas. Lub xub ntiag ntawm silica nyob rau hauv lub lava ua rau muaj viscosity siab, uas nyob rau hauv lem txwv lub diffusion ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub lava.
Qhov no tshwm sim ntawm atomic diffusion teeb tsa nyob rau hauv cov lus tsa suab thawj theem ntawm cov pob zeb siv lead ua pob zeb, feem ntau hu ua nucleation. Raws li cov lava txias ntawm tus nqi nrawm, nws hloov mus rau obsidian, lub iav zoo nkauj thiab cov organic volcanic. Cov txheej txheem no yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub sij hawm ceev ceev, uas tsim ib qho kev ntxhib los mos uas tsis muaj crystalline qauv. Qhov tshwm sim ntuj no yog qhov ua kom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj ntawm geological kev ua ntawm volcanic eruptions.
Obsidian muaj qhov tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua zoo ib yam li cov ntxhia tsis tau tag nrho hauv qhov tseeb, vim nws suav nrog iav thiab tsis yog cov khoom siv crystalline. Qhov txawv ntawm tus cwj pwm no ua rau nws sib nrug los ntawm lwm yam minerals, sawv tawm raws li nws lub ntsiab lus. Cov polished heev, glossy tsos ntawm cov ntshiab obsidian yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib qho kev ntxhib los mos zoo nkauj, pom lub teeb ci ntsa iab zoo li nws qhov chaw gleams nrog kev zoo siab.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov xim ntawm obsidian sib txawv raws li nws muaj nyob rau hauv ntau hom, nthuav tawm nws tus kheej hauv cov xim sib txawv, xim, thiab textures nyob ntawm seb muaj impurities xws li hlau lossis magnesium hauv lava. Qhov no tuaj yeem tsim cov xim ntsuab tsaus, xim av, lossis xim dub, uas yuav tshwm sim mottled los yog streaked, ntxiv cov txuj ci zoo nkauj rau cov pob zeb hauv av.
Nyob rau hauv riam phom, ntshiab obsidian showcases nws dub thiab ci sab nrauv, reminiscent ntawm ib tag hmo thiab mysterious elegance. Qhov no ntxiv dag zog rau cov ntxhia qhov zoo nkauj thiab ua rau nws yog ib qho zoo nkauj gemstone nrhiav tom qab los ntawm ntau tus.
Kev siv obsidian los ntawm prehistoric era mus rau niaj hnub no
Nyob rau hauv Neolithic lub sij hawm, kev trepanation - los yog khawb ib lub qhov rau hauv pob txha taub hau - tau xav tias yuav kho txhua yam los ntawm kev qaug dab peg mus rau migraines. Nws tuaj yeem yog ib hom kev phais xwm txheej ceev rau kev sib ntaus sib tua qhov txhab. Tab sis thaum muaj tseem xav txog hais txog cov laj thawj tiag tiag tom qab cov txheej txheem tsis meej, qhov paub yog tias kev siv feem ntau siv los ua kev phais thaum ntxov tau tsim los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov khoom ntse tshaj plaws pom nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej: obsidian.
Obsidian tuaj yeem tsim cov npoo ntau zaus finer dua li qhov zoo tshaj plaws steel scalpels. Ntawm 30 angstroms - ib chav ntsuas sib npaug rau ib puas lab ntawm ib centimeter - obsidian scalpel tuaj yeem sib tw pob zeb diamond hauv qhov zoo ntawm nws ntug.
Thaum koj xav txog tias feem ntau cov hniav chais hauv tsev yog 300 txog 600 angstroms, obsidian tseem tuaj yeem txiav nws nrog cov khoom ntse tshaj plaws nanotechnology tuaj yeem tsim. Txawm niaj hnub no, tsawg tus kws phais tab tom siv cov cuab yeej qub no (txawm tias US FDA tseem tsis tau pom zoo siv obsidian hniav hauv kev phais rau tib neeg vim lawv qhov nkig thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo siab dua ntawm kev tawg piv rau cov tsoos steel scalpel hniav) txhawm rau ua kom zoo incisions uas lawv hais tias kho nrog. tsawg caws pliav.
Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, obsidian riam yog ntse heev lawv txiav nyob rau hauv ib tug cellular theem. Vim li no, thaum siv rau hauv kev kho mob, incisions ua nrog cov hniav zoo sai dua nrog tsawg caws pliav. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, lawv nyob twj ywm ntse txawm tias tom qab raug faus rau hauv av rau ntau txhiab xyoo. Nws qhov kev siv zoo kawg nkaus ua rau peb nco ntsoov tias cov txheej txheem qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv tes ua haujlwm tseem muaj qhov chaw hauv peb lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no.
Yuav ua li cas obsidian yuav du thiab ntse dua honed steel?
Cov hlau yuav luag ib txwm tsim los ntawm ntau cov khoom siv sib cais (microscopic nplej), tsis yog ib qho loj. Thaum steel fractures, nws feem ntau fractures raws qhov tsis sib xws koom ntawm cov pob zeb sib cais. Obsidian muaj yuav luag tsis muaj cov muaju loj txaus los cuam tshuam cov khoom siv puas tsuaj thiab vim li no nws tawg tau zoo thiab ua kom nrawm. Vim tias obsidian tsis muaj cov muaju, nws tsis tawg raws cov kab tsis muaj zog ntawm cov khoom siv, nws tsuas yog tawg raws cov kab ntawm kev ntxhov siab uas ua rau tawg.
Qhov no kuj yog vim li cas obsidian thiab cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws qhia conchoidal pob txha. Thaum koj saib cov duab ntawm qee qhov tawg obsidian, koj tab tom saib cov duab ntawm lub shockwave uas tawg nws. Thaum koj saib cov duab ntawm ib co fractured steel, koj tab tom saib ib feem ntawm cov duab ntawm lub shockwave uas tawg nws, tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov kab tsis muaj zog ntawm cov hlau tsis zoo thiab cov kev sib koom ntawm nws cov muaju.
Yog tias nws muaj peev xwm ua kom cov hlau tsis zoo txaus kom tsis txhob ua kom tawg, lub zog me me yuav txaus los khob cov pob zeb tsis muaj zog tawm ntawm qhov chaw. Yog hais tias koj sharpen hlau kom nws cov ntug yog thinner dua nws siv lead ua loj, ces tsis muaj ntau tuav lub ntug crystals nyob rau hauv qhov chaw vim lawv tsis inter-locked. Yog li ntawd, tej zaum nws yuav tsis ua tau.
xaus
Raws li peb xav txog qhov ua tau zoo thiab ua tau zoo ntawm obsidian, peb cia li xav tsis thoob ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv thaum ub. Los ntawm Mayan Isdias Asmesliskas mus rau Pob Zeb Hnub Nyoog hmuv hmuv, qhov kev txawj ntse zoo kawg nkaus thiab kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm peb cov forebears tau tshwm sim hauv kev siv cov cuab yeej zoo li no.
Niaj hnub no, peb txuas ntxiv tso siab rau obsidian raws li qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, xav tsis thoob ntawm nws lub peev xwm los tswj kev txiav ntug kom zoo tshaj plaws txawm tias cov hniav zoo tshaj plaws. Raws li peb hwm txoj kev txawj ntse ntawm cov neeg uas tuaj ua ntej peb, peb kuj tseem ceeb toom txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev saib yav dhau los rau kev taw qhia, kev tshoov siab, thiab cov cuab yeej peb xav tau los txhim kho lub neej yav tom ntej zoo dua.
