Ob daim av nplaum thaum ub tau pom hauv Iraq thiab npog los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab hauv cuneiform sau muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm "poob" lus Canaanite uas muaj qhov zoo sib xws nrog cov lus Hebrew thaum ub.
Cov ntsiav tshuaj, xav tias muaj ze li ntawm 4,000 xyoo, sau cov lus nyob rau hauv yuav luag tsis paub lus ntawm cov neeg Amorite, uas yog keeb kwm los ntawm Khana-as - thaj tsam uas yog tam sim no Syria, Ixayees thiab Jordan - tab sis leej twg tom qab tsim ib lub nceeg vaj hauv Mesopotamia. Cov kab lus no tau muab tso ua ke nrog kev txhais lus hauv Akkadian, uas tuaj yeem nyeem tau los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no.
Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, cov ntsiav tshuaj zoo ib yam li lub npe nrov Rosetta Pob zeb, uas muaj ib tug inscription nyob rau hauv ib tug paub lus (Ancient Greek) nyob rau hauv parallel nrog ob tug tsis paub sau ntawv ancient Egyptian scripts (hieroglyphics thiab demotic.) nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub paub Akkadian kab lus pab. cov kws tshawb fawb tau nyeem Amorite sau.
"Peb qhov kev paub txog Amorite tau tu siab heev uas qee cov kws tshaj lij tsis ntseeg tias puas muaj cov lus zoo li no," Cov kws tshawb fawb Manfred Krebernik (qhib hauv tab tshiab) thiab Andrew R. George (qhib hauv tab tshiab) hais rau Live Science hauv email. Tab sis "cov ntsiav tshuaj daws cov lus nug no los ntawm kev qhia cov lus kom sib koom ua ke thiab kwv yees tau hais meej, thiab sib txawv ntawm Akkadian."
Krebernik, tus xibfwb thiab tus thawj coj ntawm kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los ze Eastern ntawm University of Jena hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes, thiab George, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Babylonian cov ntaub ntawv ntawm University of London's School of Oriental thiab African Studies, luam tawm lawv cov kev tshawb fawb piav txog cov ntsiav tshuaj hauv qhov teeb meem tshiab kawg. ntawm Fabkis phau ntawv journal Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (qhib hauv tab tshiab) (Journal of Assyriology thiab Oriental Archaeology).
Poob lus
Ob lub Amorite-Akkadian ntsiav tshuaj tau pom nyob rau hauv Iraq txog 30 xyoo dhau los, tej zaum thaum lub sij hawm Iran-Iraq Tsov rog, los ntawm 1980 txog 1988; thaum kawg lawv tau suav nrog hauv ib phau ntawv hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi lwm tus paub txog lawv, thiab nws tsis paub yog tias lawv raug coj los ntawm Iraq.
Krebernik thiab George pib kawm cov ntsiav tshuaj hauv 2016 tom qab lwm tus kws tshawb fawb tau taw qhia lawv.
Los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv sau ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus paub tsis meej, lawv tau txiav txim siab tias nws tau koom nrog West Semitic tsev neeg ntawm cov lus, uas kuj suav nrog Hebrew (tam sim no hais hauv Ixayees) thiab Aramaic, uas tau nthuav dav thoob plaws hauv cheeb tsam tab sis tam sim no tsuas yog hais hauv ob peb lub zej zog tawg nyob rau hauv Middle East.
Tom qab pom qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov lus tsis meej thiab qhov me me ntawm Amorite, Krebernik thiab George txiav txim siab tias lawv yog tib yam, thiab cov ntsiav tshuaj tau piav txog Amorite kab lus hauv Old Baylonian dialect ntawm Akkadian.
Cov lus ntawm Amorite cov lus muab rau hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj yog qhov xav tsis thoob. "Ob lub ntsiav tshuaj nce peb kev paub ntawm Amorite ntau heev, vim lawv tsis tsuas yog cov lus tshiab tab sis kuj ua tiav cov kab lus, thiab yog li nthuav tawm ntau cov lus tshiab thiab cov qauv sau ntawv," cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias. Kev sau ntawv rau ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj tej zaum yuav tau ua los ntawm Akkadian-hais lus Babylonian scribes los yog scribal apprentice, raws li ib tug "kev tawm dag zog tsis tu ncua yug los ntawm kev xav paub txog kev txawj ntse," cov kws sau ntawv ntxiv.
Yoram Cohen (qhib hauv tab tshiab), tus xibfwb ntawm Assyriology ntawm Tel Aviv University hauv Ixayees uas tsis koom nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb, hais rau Live Science tias cov ntsiav tshuaj zoo li yog hom "Tourist phau ntawv qhia" rau Akkadian cov neeg hais lus thaum ub uas yuav tsum tau kawm Amorite.
Ib nqe lus tseem ceeb yog cov npe ntawm Amorite vajtswv uas piv rau lawv nrog Mesopotamian gods, thiab lwm nqe lus piav qhia txog cov kab lus.
"Muaj cov lus hais txog kev teem caij noj mov, hais txog kev ua kev txi, hais txog kev foom koob hmoov rau vaj ntxwv," Cohen hais tias. “Muaj txawm tias tej zaum yuav yog zaj nkauj hlub. … Nws yeej muaj tag nrho lub neej nyob.”
Muaj zog zoo sib xws
Ntau cov lus Amorite tau muab rau hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj zoo ib yam li cov lus hauv Hebrew, xws li “coj peb wine” - “ia -a -a -nam si -qí-ni -a -ti” hauv Amorite thiab “tseem ceeb” hauv Hebrew - txawm hais tias qhov ntxov tshaj plaws-paub Hebrew sau yog los ntawm kwv yees li 1,000 xyoo tom qab, Cohen tau hais.
“Nws nthuav lub sijhawm thaum cov lus [West Semitic] tau sau tseg. … Tam sim no cov kws paub lus Askiv tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas qhov hloov pauv cov lus no tau dhau los dhau ib puas xyoo, " Nws hais.
Akkadian yog cov lus ntawm lub nroog Mesopotamian thaum ntxov ntawm Akkad (tseem hu ua Agade) los ntawm peb txhiab xyoo BC, tab sis nws tau nthuav dav thoob plaws hauv cheeb tsam tom qab centuries thiab kab lis kev cai, suav nrog Babylonian kev vam meej txij li xyoo 19th txog rau xyoo pua BC. .
Ntau ntawm cov av nplaum uas tau sau rau hauv cov ntawv qub cuneiform - ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev sau ntawv, nyob rau hauv qhov kev xav zoo li lub paj tau ua rau hauv cov av nplaum ntub nrog cov stylus - tau sau ua Akkadian, thiab kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov lus yog qhov tseem ceeb. ib feem ntawm kev kawm hauv Mesopotamia rau ntau tshaj ib txhiab xyoo.
