Koj puas tau xav paub tias peb paub ntau npaum li cas txog Egyptian kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm yav dhau los? Cov lus teb yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Rosetta Pob Zeb hauv xyoo 1799. Qhov kev pom muaj hmoo no tau muab tus yuam sij rau kev qhib qhov paub tsis meej ntawm Egyptian hieroglyphics, tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb thaum kawg nkag siab cov lus uas tau paub tsis meej rau ntau pua xyoo.
Lub Rosetta Pob Zeb tau txhais ib txoj cai Demotic, cov lus ntawm cov neeg Iyiv niaj hnub qub, ua Greek thiab hieroglyphics. Qhov kev tshawb pom no tau qhib qhov rooj rau kev paub txog kev vam meej thaum ub, los ntawm lawv cov qauv kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv mus rau lawv txoj kev ntseeg thiab kev ua neej nyob txhua hnub. Niaj hnub no, peb muaj peev xwm kawm thiab txaus siab rau kev nplua nuj kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg Iyiv ua tsaug rau qhov kev mob siab rau ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau txiav txim siab hieroglyphics ntawm Rosetta Pob Zeb.
Ib yam li cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub hieroglyphics, tau ntau xyoo, cov ntawv sau Elamite tau ua qhov tsis paub meej rau cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg sau keeb kwm ib yam nkaus. Qhov kev sau ntawv thaum ub, siv los ntawm Elamites hauv qhov tam sim no niaj hnub Iran, tau ua rau cov neeg tshawb nrhiav tsis txaus ntseeg rau ntau xyoo nrog nws cov cim nyuaj thiab lub ntsiab lus tsis meej. Tab sis tsis ntev los no kev ua tiav hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm tsab ntawv tau muab kev cia siab tias cov lus zais ntawm cov kab tawm Elamite thaum kawg yuav raug nthuav tawm.
Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov thev naus laus zis siab thiab pab pawg kws tshaj lij, kev nkag siab tshiab rau cov lus qub no tau tshwm sim. Los ntawm cov lus qhia pom nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau thiab cov khoom cuav mus rau lub khoos phis tawj siab tshaj plaws, cov lus sib dhos ntawm cov kab tawm Elamite tau maj mam muab ua ke. Yog li, cov kws tshawb fawb thaum kawg tau tawg cov cai?
Ib pab neeg tshawb fawb, nrog ib tus tswv cuab ntawm University of Tehran, Eastern Kentucky University thiab University of Bologna ua haujlwm nrog lwm tus kws tshawb fawb ywj pheej, muaj thov kom tau deciphered feem ntau ntawm cov lus Iranian thaum ub hu ua Linear Elamite. Nyob rau hauv lawv daim ntawv luam tawm nyob rau hauv German lus journal Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, pab pawg neeg piav txog cov hauj lwm uas lawv tau ua los txiav txim cov piv txwv ntawm cov lus ancient uas tau pom thiab muab ib co piv txwv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem txhais ua lus Askiv.
Nyob rau hauv 1903, ib pab neeg ntawm Fabkis archaeologists unearthed ib co ntsiav tshuaj nrog cov lus etched rau lawv ntawm ib tug khawb qhov chaw ntawm lub Acropolis mound ntawm Susa nyob rau hauv Iran. Tau ntau xyoo, cov neeg keeb kwm ntseeg hais tias cov lus siv ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj muaj feem xyuam rau lwm yam lus hu ua Proto-Elamite. Cov kev tshawb fawb tom qab tau pom tias qhov kev sib txuas ntawm ob yog tenuous ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws.
Txij li thaum lub sij hawm pib nrhiav, ntau yam khoom tau pom uas tau sau ua ib hom lus - tag nrho cov naj npawb niaj hnub no yog kwv yees li 40. Ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov ntawv sau rau ntawm ob peb lub beakers nyiaj. Ntau pab pawg tau kawm cov lus thiab tau ua qee qhov kev nkag mus, tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov lus tseem tsis tau paub. Hauv qhov kev siv zog tshiab no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau khaws qhov chaw uas lwm pab pawg tshawb fawb tau tawm thiab kuj siv qee cov tswv yim tshiab los txiav txim siab tsab ntawv.
Cov tswv yim tshiab siv los ntawm pab pawg ntawm qhov kev siv zog tshiab no, koom nrog kev sib piv qee cov lus paub hauv cuneiform nrog cov lus pom nyob hauv Linear Elamite tsab ntawv. Nws ntseeg tau hais tias ob hom lus tau siv nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm Middle East tib lub sijhawm thiab yog li, yuav tsum muaj qee qhov kev sib koom ua ke xws li cov npe ntawm cov thawj coj, cov npe ntawm cov neeg, qhov chaw lossis lwm yam sau ua haujlwm nrog rau cov kab lus sib xws.
Cov kws tshawb fawb kuj tau saib qhov lawv ntseeg tias yog cov cim qhia, tsis yog cov lus, tab tom nrhiav kom muab lub ntsiab lus rau lawv. Ntawm 300 cov cim lawv tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas, pab pawg pom tias lawv tsuas tuaj yeem muab 3.7% ntawm lawv rau cov koom haum muaj txiaj ntsig. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv ntseeg tias lawv tau txiav txim siab feem ntau ntawm cov lus thiab tau muab kev txhais lus rau qee cov ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj beakers. Ib qho piv txwv, "Puzur-Sušinak, huab tais ntawm Awan, Insušinak [zoo li ib tug vajtswv] hlub nws."
Kev ua haujlwm los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntsib nrog qee qhov tsis ntseeg los ntawm lwm tus hauv zej zog vim muaj ntau yam xwm txheej nyob ib puag ncig kev ua haujlwm. Qee cov ntawv siv los ua qhov chaw, piv txwv li, lawv tus kheej xav tau. Thiab qee qhov kev sau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov lus sau rau ntawm lawv tej zaum yuav tau txais tsis raug cai. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus neeg sau ntawv sib raug zoo ntawm daim ntawv tau tsis kam thov tawm tswv yim txog kev ua haujlwm los ntawm pab pawg.
