Raws li cov ntawv qub, tau muaj sijhawm nyob hauv tebchaws Iziv thaum ub, ua ntej thaj av ntawm Pharaohs raug txiav txim los ntawm cov neeg tuag nyob qhov twg cov tsiaj txhu uas los ntawm ntuj ceeb tsheej tau kav lub tebchaws. Cov tsiaj txhu tsis paub meej no raug hu ua 'Gods' lossis 'Demigods' uas nyob thiab kav tebchaws Iziv thaum ub tau ntau txhiab xyoo.
Qhov tsis paub ntawm Turin King List
Turin King List yog cov ntawv teev vaj lug kub los ntawm Ramesside lub sijhawm. "Canon" yog qhov pib sau los yog sau cov vaj lug kub lossis cov cai lij choj. Lo lus los ntawm lo lus Greek lub ntsiab lus "txoj cai" lossis "ntsuas ntsuas".
Ntawm txhua lub npe hu ua huab tais ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws puag thaum ub, Turin King List yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Txawm hais tias nws tau txhawb nqa ntau qhov kev puas tsuaj, nws muab cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau Egyptologists thiab tseem yog qee qhov nyob hauv kab nrog Manetho keeb kwm muab tso ua ke ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws qub.
Kev tshawb pom ntawm Turin King List
Sau hauv cov txheej txheem sau ntawv Egyptian thaum ub hu ua hieratic, Turin Royal Canon Papyrus tau yuav hauv Thebes los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij Italian thiab tshawb fawb Bernardino Drovetti xyoo 1822, thaum nws mus rau Luxor.
Txawm hais tias thaum xub thawj nws feem ntau zoo li qub thiab tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub thawv nrog rau lwm cov papyri, cov parchment tau tawg mus rau ntau qhov tawg los ntawm lub sijhawm nws tuaj txog hauv tebchaws Ltalis, thiab yuav tsum tau rov tsim dua thiab txiav txim siab nrog ntau yam nyuaj.
Qee qhov 48 daim ntawm cov lus sib dhos tau xub sau ua ke los ntawm Fabkis Egyptologist Jean-Francois Champollion (1790-1832). Tom qab ntawd, qee qhov lwm qhov puas tau tawg ua ke los ntawm German thiab Asmeskas tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm Gustavus Seyffarth (1796-1885). Cov kws sau keeb kwm tseem tab tom nrhiav thiab sib sau ua ke cov seem uas ploj lawm ntawm Turin King List.
Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tau tsim kho xyoo 1938 los ntawm Giulio Farina, tus thawj coj ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej. Tab sis xyoo 1959, Gardiner, tus kws paub keeb kwm Askiv Askiv, tau hais qhia lwm qhov chaw ntawm qhov tawg, suav nrog daim tshiab uas tau rov qab los nyob rau xyoo 2009.
Tam sim no ua los ntawm 160 qhov tawg, Turin King List yeej tsis muaj ob ntu tseem ceeb: qhia cov npe thiab qhov xaus. Nws ntseeg tias lub npe ntawm Turin King List tus kws sau ntawv tuaj yeem nrhiav pom hauv ntu qhia.
Cov npe huab tais yog dab tsi?
Cov Vaj Ntxwv Ancient Egypt Cov Npe yog cov npe muaj koob muaj npe uas tau sau tseg los ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub nyob rau qee qhov kev txiav txim. Cov npe no feem ntau tau ua haujlwm los ntawm vaj ntxwv los txhawm rau qhia tias muaj pes tsawg xyoo lawv cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe ntshav yog los ntawm kev teev npe tag nrho cov vaj ntxwv hauv nws hauv cov neeg tsis muaj kab mob (ib lub caij nyoog).
Txawm hais tias thaum xub thawj qhov no yuav zoo li yog txoj hauv kev muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws ntawm kev taug qab kev txiav txim ntawm cov vaj ntxwv sib txawv, nws tsis yog qhov tseeb vim tias cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub tau muaj npe nrov rau kev tso cov ntaub ntawv uas lawv tsis nyiam, lossis nthuav tawm cov ntaub ntawv lawv xav tias ua rau lawv saib zoo .
Nws tau hais tias cov npe no tsis tau txhais los muab cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntau npaum li daim ntawv ntawm "kev teev ntuj teev ntuj". Yog tias koj nco qab, peb paub cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub ntseeg tias vaj ntxwv yog tus thawj coj ntawm Horus hauv ntiaj teb thiab yuav raug txheeb xyuas nrog Osiris tom qab kev tuag.
Txoj hauv kev uas Egyptologists siv cov npe yog los ntawm kev sib piv lawv ib leeg ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm lwm txoj hauv kev thiab tom qab ntawd rov kho dua cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm muaj tseeb. Tus Vaj Ntxwv Lists peb paub txog tam sim no suav nrog:
- Royal List of Thutmosis III los ntawm Karnak
- Royal List of Sety I ntawm Abydos
- Palermo Pob Zeb
- Abydos King Daim Ntawv Teev Npe ntawm Ramses II
- Saqqara Tablet los ntawm lub qhov ntxa ntawm Tenroy
- Turin Royal Canon (Turin King Sau)
- Cov ntawv sau ntawm pob zeb hauv Wadi Hammamat
Vim li cas Turin King List (Turin Royal Canon) tshwj xeeb hauv Egyptology?
Tag nrho lwm cov npe tau sau tseg rau ntawm cov tawv tawv txhais tau tias yuav kav ntev ntau lub neej, xws li lub qhov ntxa lossis lub tuam tsev phab ntsa lossis ntawm pob zeb. Txawm li cas los xij, ib daim ntawv teev huab tais tau tshwj xeeb: Turin King List, tseem hu ua Turin Royal Canon, uas tau sau rau ntawm papyri hauv tsab ntawv hieratic. Nws yog kwv yees li 1.7 meters ntev.
Tsis zoo li lwm cov npe ntawm cov vaj ntxwv, Turin King List suav sau txhua tus kav, suav nrog cov menyuam yaus thiab cov uas suav tias yog cov neeg txeeb chaw. Ntxiv mus, nws sau qhov ntev ntawm kev kav meej.
Daim ntawv teev npe huab tais no zoo li tau sau thaum lub sijhawm Ramesses II, tus poj huab tais hnub nyoog 19 xyoo. Nws yog cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm thiab raug tshaj plaws thiab rov qab mus rau King Menes. Nws tsis tsuas yog sau cov npe ntawm cov vaj ntxwv, zoo li feem ntau lwm cov npe tau ua, tab sis nws muab lwm cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig xws li:
- Qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev kav ntawm txhua tus vaj ntxwv nyob rau xyoo, hauv qee kis txawm tias nyob rau hli thiab hnub.
- Nws sau cov npe ntawm cov vaj ntxwv uas raug rho tawm ntawm lwm cov npe huab tais.
- Nws pawg ua ke vajntxwv los ntawm qhov chaw es tsis raws sijhawm
- Nws txawm sau cov npe ntawm Hyksos tus kav tebchaws Egypt
- Nws rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm coj txawv txawv thaum cov vajtswv thiab cov vajntxwv uas kav tebchaws kav tebchaws Iziv.
Ntawm cov no, lub ntsiab lus kawg yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg qhov tseem ceeb hauv Egypt keeb kwm. Qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws nrog rau feem cuam tshuam ntawm Turin Royal Canon qhia txog Gods, Demigods thiab Spirits of the Dead uas lub cev tau kav ntau txhiab xyoo.
Turin King List: Gods, Demigods thiab Spirits of the Dead kav rau ntau txhiab xyoo
Raws li Manetho, thawj "huab tais tib neeg" ntawm Egypt, yog Mena lossis Menes, hauv 4,400 BC (ib txwm hais tias "kev hloov pauv" tau hloov hnub ntawd rau ntau hnub tsis ntev los no). Tus vaj ntxwv no tau tsim Memphis, tau tso tseg txoj kev ntawm Nile, thiab teeb tsa lub tuam tsev ua haujlwm nyob ntawd.
Ua ntej txog qhov no, Tim lyiv teb chaws tau txiav txim los ntawm Gods thiab Demigods, raws li qhia los ntawm RA Schwaller de Lubicz, hauv "Kev Tshawb Fawb Dawb Huv: Tus Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Pharaonic Theocracy" raws li cov lus hauv qab no tau ua:
… Turin Papyrus, hauv daim ntawv teev npe teev npe Reign of the Gods, ob kab kawg ntawm kab lus suav nrog: "Venerables Shemsu-Hor, 13,420 xyoo; Kev kav ua ntej Shemsu-Hor, 23,200 xyoo; Tag nrho 36,620 xyoo. "
Pom tseeb, cov lus xaus ob kab ntawm kab ntawv, uas zoo li sawv cev rau kev rov pib dua ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov nthuav heev thiab nco peb Sumerian King List.
Lawm, qhov kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no, tsis tuaj yeem lees txais lub cev ntawm Vajtswv thiab Demigods ua vaj ntxwv, thiab yog li tso tseg cov sijhawm ntawd. Txawm li cas los xij, cov sijhawm no - "Cov npe ntev ntawm Vaj" - yog (ib nrab) tau hais hauv ntau qhov peev txheej uas ntseeg tau los ntawm Keeb Kwm, suav nrog hauv lwm daim ntawv Iyiv Tus Vaj Ntxwv.
Qhov kev paub tsis meej Egyptian kav los ntawm Manetho
Yog tias peb yuav tso cai Manetho, tus thawj pov thawj ntawm cov tuam tsev raug foom tsis zoo ntawm Egypt, los hais lus rau nws tus kheej, peb tsis muaj kev xaiv tab sis tig mus rau cov ntawv uas cov haujlwm ntawm nws tau khaws cia. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm no yog Armenian version ntawm Chronica of Eusebius. Nws pib los ntawm kev qhia peb tias nws tau muab rho tawm "los ntawm Egyptian Keeb Kwm ntawm Manetho, uas tau sau nws tus lej hauv peb phau ntawv. Cov no cuam tshuam nrog Gods, Demigods, Tus Ntsuj Plig ntawm Tuag thiab cov vaj ntxwv hauv ntiaj teb uas kav tebchaws Iziv. "
Hais txog Manetho ncaj qha, Eusebius pib los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov npe ntawm cov vaj tswv uas muaj, qhov tseem ceeb, ntawm kev paub Ennead ntawm Heliopolis - Ra, Osiris, Isis, Horus, Teeb, thiab ntxiv rau. Cov no yog thawj tus tuav tuav hauv Egypt.
"Tom qab ntawd, kev ua vajntxwv dhau los ntawm ib tus mus rau lwm qhov tsis muaj kev sib tawg ... dhau 13,900 xyoo ... Tom qab Vaj tswv, Demigods kav rau 1255 xyoo; thiab dua lwm txoj kab ntawm cov vaj ntxwv tau tuav rau 1817 xyoo; tom qab ntawd peb caug tus vaj ntxiv, kav rau 1790 xyoo; thiab tom qab ntawd kaum tus vajntxwv kav 350 xyoo. Muaj ua raws txoj cai ntawm Cov Ntsuj Plig ntawm Cov Neeg Tuag ... rau 5813 xyoo ... "
Tag nrho tag nrho cov sijhawm no ntxiv rau 24,925 xyoo. Tshwj xeeb, Manetho tau hais ntau zaus tias tau muab tus lej loj ntawm 36,525 xyoo rau tag nrho lub sijhawm ntawm kev vam meej ntawm tebchaws Iziv los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Gods mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm 30th (thiab kawg) dynasty ntawm cov vaj ntxwv hauv ntiaj teb.
Tus kws sau keeb kwm Greek Diodorus Siculus tau pom dab tsi txog qhov tsis paub dhau los ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws?
Manetho cov lus piav qhia pom muaj kev txhawb nqa ntau ntawm cov kws sau ntawv zoo. Hauv thawj ib puas xyoo BC, tus kws sau keeb kwm Greek Diodorus Siculus tau mus xyuas Egypt. Nws tau piav qhia qhov yog los ntawm CH Txiv yawg, nws tus neeg txhais lus tshiab tsis ntev los no, raws li cov ntaub ntawv sau tsis raug uas siv cov peev txheej zoo thiab rov tsim dua tshiab rau lawv.
Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov no txhais li cas yog tias Diodorus tsis tau sim ua nws qhov kev ntxub ntxaug thiab kev xav ua ntej ntawm cov khoom nws sau. Yog li nws yog tus muaj txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb rau peb vim nws cov ntaub ntawv suav nrog cov pov thawj Iyiv uas nws tau nug txog qhov tsis paub yav dhau los ntawm lawv lub tebchaws. Nov yog qhov uas Diodorus tau hais:
"Thaum xub thawj vajtswv thiab tus phab ej kav tebchaws Iziv tsawg dua 18,000 xyoo, zaum kawg ntawm cov vajtswv los kav ua Horus, Isis tus tub ... Mortals tau ua vajntxwv hauv lawv lub tebchaws, lawv hais tias, tsawg dua 5000 xyoo. "
Herodotus pom dab tsi txog qhov tsis paub txog yav dhau los ntawm Egypt?
Ntev ua ntej Diodorus, Tim lyiv teb chaws tau mus ntsib los ntawm lwm tus thiab piav qhia ntau yam keeb kwm Greek: tus poj niam Herodotus, uas nyob hauv xyoo pua thib tsib BC. Nws ib yam nkaus, zoo li, tau koom nrog cov pov thawj thiab nws ib txwm tswj hwm kom ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua uas tau hais txog qhov muaj kev vam meej kev vam meej nyob hauv Nile Valley ntawm qee hnub tsis tau qhia meej nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw qub.
Herodotus piav qhia cov kab ke no ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej keeb kwm ntawm Egyptian kev vam meej hauv Phau Ntawv II ntawm nws Keeb Kwm. Hauv tib daim ntawv nws tseem tau muab rau peb, yam tsis muaj lus tawm tswv yim, cov ntsiab lus txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tau pib nrog cov pov thawj ntawm Heliopolis:
"Lub sijhawm no, lawv tau hais tias, muaj plaub lub sijhawm thaum lub hnub tawm ntawm nws qhov chaw tsis xav tau - ob zaug nce qhov chaw nws tam sim no teeb tsa, thiab ob zaug teeb tsa qhov chaw nws tam sim no sawv."
Zep Tepi - 'Thawj Lub Sijhawm' hauv tebchaws Iziv thaum ub
Cov neeg Iyiv puag thaum ub tau hais txog Thawj Zaum, Zep Tepi, thaum cov vaj tswv kav hauv lawv lub tebchaws: lawv hais tias nws yog hnub nyoog kub thaum lub sijhawm dej ntawm lub qhov tob tob rov qab, qhov tsaus ntuj tseem ceeb raug tshem tawm, thiab tib neeg, tawm mus rau hauv qhov pom kev, tau muab khoom plig ntawm kev vam meej.
Lawv tseem tham txog kev cuam tshuam nruab nrab ntawm cov tswv ntuj thiab txiv neej - Urshu, ib pawg ntawm cov ntseeg tsawg dua uas nws lub ntsiab lus txhais tau tias 'Tus Saib Xyuas'. Thiab lawv tau tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb kom nco txog cov vaj tswv lawv tus kheej, ua neeg tsis nyiam thiab zoo nkauj hu ua Neteru uas tau nyob hauv ntiaj teb nrog tib neeg thiab siv lawv txoj kev tswj hwm los ntawm Heliopolis thiab lwm qhov chaw dawb huv nce thiab nqis Nile.
Qee tus Neteru no yog txiv neej thiab qee tus poj niam tab sis txhua tus muaj ntau yam txuj ci tseem ceeb uas suav nrog kev muaj peev xwm tshwm sim, ntawm qhov xav tau, zoo li txiv neej lossis poj niam, lossis zoo li tsiaj, noog, tsiaj reptiles, ntoo lossis nroj tsuag. Paradoxically, lawv cov lus thiab kev ua zoo li tau cuam tshuam txog tib neeg txoj kev mob siab rau thiab kev xav ua ntej. Ib yam nkaus, txawm hais tias lawv tau piav qhia tias muaj zog thiab ntse dua li tib neeg, nws tau ntseeg tias lawv tuaj yeem mob hnyav - lossis tseem tuag, lossis raug tua - nyob rau qee qhov xwm txheej.
Peb yuav kawm dab tsi txog 'Thawj Zaug' yog Turin Canon Papyrus tseem nyob li qub?
Cov seem uas muaj sia nyob yog tantalizing. Hauv ib daim ntawv sau npe, piv txwv li, peb nyeem cov npe ntawm kaum Neteru nrog txhua lub npe sau rau hauv daim cartouche (ob lub thawv thaiv) hauv ntau qhov zoo ib yam tau txais hauv lub sijhawm tom qab rau cov vaj ntxwv keeb kwm ntawm Egypt. Tus naj npawb ntawm xyoo uas txhua Neter tau ntseeg tias tau kav kuj tau muab, tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov lej no ploj ntawm daim ntawv puas.
Hauv lwm kab ntawv muaj tshwm sim cov npe ntawm cov vaj ntxwv uas tau tuag hauv tebchaws Iziv sab qaum teb thiab qis dua tom qab cov vaj tswv tab sis ua ntej yuav tsum muaj kev koom ua ke ntawm lub nceeg vaj hauv Menes, thawj pharaoh ntawm Thawj Dynasty, hauv 3100 BC.
Los ntawm cov seem uas muaj sia nyob nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau tias cuaj 'dynasties' ntawm cov vaj ntxwv ua ntej dynastic tau hais txog, ntawm cov uas yog 'Venerables of Memphis', 'Venerables of the North' thiab, kawg, Shemsu Hor (Cov Khub) , lossis Cov Ua Raws, ntawm Horus) uas kav mus txog rau lub sijhawm Menes.
Lwm lub npe huab tais uas cuam tshuam nrog lub sijhawm ua ntej keeb kwm thiab cov vaj ntxwv qub ntawm Egypt yog Palermo Pob Zeb. Txawm hais tias nws tsis coj peb rov qab mus rau yav dhau los zoo li Turin Canon Papyrus, nws muab cov ntsiab lus uas tau hais meej ua rau peb cov keeb kwm yav dhau los nug.
Cov lus kawg
Raws li ib txwm muaj, cov npe huab tais tawm ntau rau kev sib cav, thiab Turin King List tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb. Tseem, txog tam sim no nws yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws ntawm pharaohs Egyptian thaum ub thiab lawv txoj kev kav.
Xav tau cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws ntxaws ntawm Turin King List? Xyuas qhov no nplooj tawm.
