Hattusa, qee zaum sau ua Hattusha, yog lub nroog keeb kwm hauv Turkey thaj tsam Dub Hiav Txwv, ze rau niaj hnub Boğazkale, hauv lub xeev Çorum. Lub nroog qub qub no yog yav dhau los lub peev ntawm Hittite Empire, uas tau suav tias yog ib qho ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub zog loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm.
Cov neeg Iziv xa mus rau Hittites raws li lub zog loj, nrog rau Assyria, Mitani, thiab Babylon, nyob rau xyoo 14th BC BC Amarna Letters, thiab suav tias lawv sib npaug. Hattusa tau tsim los ntawm Hatti, ib pawg neeg hauv paus txawm uas nyob hauv thaj tsam ua ntej cov neeg Hittites tuaj txog. Lub Hittites keeb kwm tseem tsis tau paub.
Hattusa: Pib
Lub Hatti tau tsim lub nroog-xeev nruab nrab ntawm Hattusa nyob ib puag ncig peb txhiab xyoo BC. Hattusa yog ib ntawm ntau lub nroog me hauv xeev hauv cheeb tsam thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Kanesh, uas nyob ze rau Hattusa, yog lwm qhov peev txheej Hatti nroog-xeev. Cov neeg Assyrians tau lees tias tau tsim kev lag luam nyob ib puag ncig 2000 BC, thiab lo lus Hattusa tau pom thawj zaug hauv cov ntawv sau txij lub sijhawm no.
Hattusa keeb kwm xaus puag ncig 1700 BC. Lub sijhawm no, Anitta, tus vajntxwv Kussara, kov yeej thiab tsoo lub nroog mus rau hauv av (lub nroog-xeev uas nws qhov chaw tseem tsis tau qhia txog). Tus vaj ntxwv yuav tsum tau sau ib tsab ntawv tshaj tawm txog nws kev kov yeej Hattusa thiab foom phem rau thaj av uas lub nroog sawv, nrog rau txhua tus neeg uas tuaj yeem tsim kho thiab tswj hwm nyob ntawd. Anitta yog tus kav Hittite lossis yawg koob ntawm cov neeg Hittites tom qab.
Nws yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg uas Hattusa tau nyob hauv ib nrab xyoo 17th xyoo BC los ntawm Hattusili, Hittite huab tais tseem hu ua 'Man of Kussara.' Hattusili txhais tau tias "Ib ntawm Hattusa," thiab nws muaj peev xwm tias tus huab tais no tau siv lub npe no thaum nws ua haujlwm ntawm Hattusa. Vim tsis muaj ntaub ntawv, nws tsis paub yog Anitta rov txhim kho lub nroog tom qab nws puas lawm. Qhov no thov qhov teeb meem ntawm seb Hattusili, zoo li Anitta, yuav tsum siv lub zog coj Hattusa lossis tsuas yog tsim ntawm seem ntawm lub nroog qub.
Hattusa Cov Qauv
Dab tsi yog qhov paub ntau dua yog tias cov neeg Hittites sawv mus rau qhov tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam, tsim kom muaj teb chaws thiab tsim Hattusa ua lawv lub rooj zaum. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb tau tsim tsa hauv Hattusa thaum lub sijhawm no, cov khoom tawg uas tseem tuaj yeem pom niaj hnub no. Piv txwv li, lub nroog tau tshawb pom kom muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm phab ntsa loj tshaj 8 kilometers (4.97 mais) ntev. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub nroog sab saum toj tau tiv thaiv los ntawm ob phab ntsa nrog yuav luag ib puas tus yees.
Phab ntsa no muaj tsib lub rooj vag, suav nrog tus paub Lion's Gate thiab Sphinx tus Rooj vag. Hattusa kuj tau muab ntau lub tuam tsev ntxiv rau cov tsev tiv thaiv no. Lub Tuam Tsev Loj, nyob hauv lub nroog qis thiab rov qab los rau xyoo pua 13th BC, yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws khaws cia ntawm lawv.
Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm kuj tau tshawb pom qhov 2,300-xyoo-laus qhov zais hauv Hattusa xyoo 2016. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias, "Yav dhau los, tau pom ib lub ntsiav tshuaj cuneiform nyob ntawm no, nrog huab tais qhia cov pov thawj tias yuav ua dab tsi thaum lub sijhawm ua koob tsheej. Qhov no muab zais qhov tej zaum yuav muaj lub hom phiaj dawb huv. "
Lwm qhov ntxim nyiam hauv Hattusa yog lub pob zeb ntsuab ntsuab loj hu ua "pob zeb xav tau" los ntawm cov neeg hauv zos. Lub pob zeb loj heev tau xav tias yog serpentine lossis nephrite, uas txhais tau tias nws tsis yog pob zeb ib txwm nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam. Tsis muaj leej twg paub tseeb tias pob zeb tau siv rau dab tsi.
Hattusa lub caij nplooj zeeg
Kev poob ntawm Hittite faj tim teb chaws tau pib nyob rau nruab nrab xyoo pua 13th BC, vim yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ze sab hnub tuaj, cov neeg Axilias. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tawm tsam los ntawm pab pawg ua yeeb yam xws li Cov Neeg Nyob Hiav Txwv thiab Kaska cuam tshuam rau Hittite faj tim teb chaws, thaum kawg ua rau nws tuag nyob hauv thawj ib feem ntawm xyoo pua thib 12 BC. Hattusa tau raug ntes los ntawm Kaskas hauv 1190 BC, thiab tau nyiag thiab hlawv.
Hattusa tau tso tseg rau 400 xyoo ua ntej tau rov los ntawm Phrygians. Qhov chaw tseem yog ib lub nroog thaum lub sijhawm Hellenistic, Roman, thiab Byzantine ib puas xyoo, txawm hais tias nws cov hnub kub tau ploj mus ntev.
Lub caij no, cov Hittites tsis zoo thiab thaum kawg pawv, nrog rau kev zam qee qhov kev hais hauv Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum thiab qee yam Cov ntaub ntawv Egyptian. Cov neeg Hittites thiab lawv lub nroog, Hattusa, tau xub rov nrhiav pom los ntawm cov tib neeg niaj hnub no thaum lub xyoo pua puas xyoo, thaum kev khawb av pib ntawm Boğazkale.
