He moʻomeheu kahiko ka moʻomeheu Sao ma Central Africa, ma kahi ʻāpana i kēia lā e nā ʻāina ʻo Cameroon a me Chad. Noho lākou ma ka muliwai Chari, aia ma ka hema o Lake Chad.
ʻO ka poʻe Kotoko i kēia manawa, he hui lāhui i Cameroon, Chad, a me Nigeria, ke koi nei i ka lāhui mai ka Sao kahiko. Wahi a kā lākou kuʻuna, he lāhui kanaka nunui ka Sao i noho ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Lake Chad, ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻākau o Nigeria a me Cameroon.
Kakaikahi na moolelo kakau o ka Sao
Ua hoʻokomo mua ʻia ka huaʻōlelo 'Sao' i nā kumu i kākau ʻia i ke kenekulia 16 AD. I loko o kāna mau moʻolelo ʻelua (ua kākau ʻia lāua ʻelua ma ka ʻōlelo ʻAlapia), The Book of the Bornu Wars and The Book of the Kanem Wars, ka Imam nui o ke aupuni ʻo Bornu, ʻo Ahmad Ibn Furtu, i wehewehe i nā huakaʻi koa a kona mōʻī, ʻo Idris Alooma. .
ʻO kēlā mau lāhui kanaka i hoʻopio ʻia a lanakila ʻia e Idris Alooma, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo ka 'Sao', ʻo nā 'ē aʻe' ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo i ka ʻōlelo Kanuri (he ʻōlelo Nilo-Saharan).
ʻO kēia poʻe kamaʻāina, ʻo lākou paha ka poʻe kamaʻāina mua o ka ʻāina, ua ʻōlelo i kekahi a i ʻole kekahi ʻōlelo Chadic, i loaʻa mai ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻohana ʻōlelo Central Chadic.
Hāʻawi pū nā hana a Ibn Furtu i kekahi mau ʻike e pili ana i ke ala i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai ka Sao. Ma waho aʻe o nā hōʻike e hōʻike ana ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia lākou i nā ʻohana patrilineal, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka Sao i loko o nā hui i hoʻonohonoho ʻia a i waena, no laila e hōʻike ana i kahi hierarchy. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau politika he aliʻi aliʻi a aupuni paha, ma muli o ke kūlana.
Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka poʻe Sao i noho ma nā kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi i pale ʻia e nā moats a me nā pā lepo, no laila e hōʻike ana ua hana lākou ma ke ʻano he kūlanakauhale-mokuʻāina.
I ka wā i alakaʻi ai ʻo Idris Alooma i kāna mau hoʻouka kaua, ua hoʻopio ʻia nā kūlanakauhale o ka Sao kokoke loa i ka puʻuwai ʻo Bornu a komo i loko o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Bornu. ʻO ka poʻe ma ka ʻaoʻao o waho, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻoponopono pololei ʻana, a ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi hoʻolālā ʻokoʻa.
Ma kahi o ka lanakila ʻana i kēia mau kūlanakauhale, ua koi ʻia lākou i kahi kūlana tributary, a ua koho ʻia kahi ʻelele o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Bornu e noho e mālama i ke aupuni kūloko. No laila, ʻo kekahi wehewehe ʻana no ka emi ʻana o ka Sao ma o ka assimilation.
He mea kākau moʻolelo a me ke kiʻi hoihoi
ʻOiai ua hāʻawi ʻo Ibn Furtu i kahi ʻike o nā lā hope o ka Sao, ʻaʻole i hoʻopā ʻia ke kumu o kēia poʻe e kēia mea kākau moʻolelo. I ke kenekulia 20 wale nō i ʻimi ai ka poʻe kālaihonua e pane i kēia nīnau.
ʻO kekahi o kēia mau kālaihonua ʻo Marcel Griaule, ke alakaʻi o ka huakaʻi Farani Dakar-Djibouti Expedition (1931-1933). Ma ke ʻano he ethnographer, ua hoihoi ʻia ʻo Griaule i nā kuʻuna kuʻuna o nā poʻe e noho ana ma ka pāpū Chadic a hōʻiliʻili i kā lākou lore waha. Ua unuhi ʻia kēia mau mea a paʻi ʻia ʻo Les Sao Legendaires.
Ma muli o kēia puke i haku ʻia ai ka manaʻo o 'Sao Civilization' a i ʻole 'Sao Culture'. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia manaʻo o ka 'culture' ma nā hana noʻeau i hana ʻia e kona poʻe. No laila, pili nui ka huakaʻi a Griaule i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻāpana kiʻi i hana ʻia e ka Sao.
ʻAʻole i hoʻohilahila ʻia ʻo Griaule, no ka mea, ua hana ʻo Sao i nā statuary hoihoi i loko o ka pālolo, nā ipu seramika nui i puhi maikaʻi ʻia, a me nā mea hoʻonani pilikino maikaʻi i ka pālolo, keleawe, hao, keleawe a me ke keleawe (e nānā i ke kiʻi i hōʻike ʻia).
Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili archaeological, ua hiki iā Griaule ke kākoʻo i nā hiʻohiʻona ethnohistorical i kūkākūkā mua i ka holomua o ka Sao. Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ethnohistorical e wehewehe i nā hōʻike archaeological.
Ua ʻōlelo kēia ʻano hoʻopuni puni ʻo ka neʻe ʻana ke ʻenekini o ka hoʻololi moʻomeheu, a he mea liʻiliʻi i kōkua i ko mākou ʻike i ke kumu a me ka ulu ʻana o ka 'Sao Civilization'.
Na hana hoolewa o ka Sao
Hōʻike nā hōʻike archaeological ua kanu ka Sao i ko lākou poʻe make. ʻO ka moʻomeheu o ka waiho ʻana i ke kupapaʻu ma ke kūlana fetal i loko o ka ipu lepo i hana ʻia mai nā kenekulia 12-13 AD. Ua pani ʻia ka ipu hoʻolewa ma ke kau ʻana i kahi ipu ʻē aʻe a i ʻole kekahi ipu ovoid liʻiliʻi ma luna. Eia naʻe, ua haʻalele ʻia kēia kuʻuna e ke kenekulia 15 i ka wā i lilo ai nā kanu maʻalahi i mea maʻamau.
Hoʻokumu nā ʻeli hou i kahi kaʻina manawa Sao a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano ʻepekema hou aʻe i ka makahiki 1960 i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana o Mdaga, a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka manaʻo o kahi 'Sao Civilization' e pili ana i ka hana kiʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ka ʻeli ʻana ua noho ʻia ʻo Mdaga mai kahi o 450 BC a i 1800 AD.
ʻAʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo i kahi manawa lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana ma lalo o ke poʻomanaʻo o 'Sao Civilization', a ʻo nā ʻike mai Mdaga i hele pū ʻia me nā ʻeli ʻana ma Sou Blame Radjil. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Sao civilization ʻaʻole ia he hui hoʻokahi, akā ua haku ʻia i nā hui he nui i noho ma ka ʻāina ʻo Lake Chad.
Akā naʻe, make paʻakikī nā hana kahiko, a ke hoʻohana mau ʻia nei ka huaʻōlelo 'Sao Civilization' i kēia lā, me kona manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo 'ka hopena o ke kenekulia 6 BC a hiki i ke kenekulia 16 AD.'
ʻO ka nui, aia ma mua o 350 mau wahi archaeological Sao i manaʻo ʻia aia ma Chad a me Cameroon. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā pūnaewele i ʻike ʻia he mau puʻu lōʻihi a pōʻai paha.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Jean Paul Lebeuf, ka mea kālaihonua a me ka ethnologist, i nā wahi Sao āna i aʻo ai i ʻekolu ʻano. ʻO ka poʻe o Sao 1 i ʻōlelo ʻia he mau puʻu liʻiliʻi a haʻahaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia i mau wahi hoʻomana a i ʻole hoʻomana. Loaʻa nā kiʻi liʻiliʻi ma kēia mau pūnaewele.
ʻO nā kahua ʻo Sao 2 he mau puʻu nui me nā pā. ʻO lākou nā wahi kanu a nui nā kiʻi i pili i kēia mau wahi. ʻO ka mea hope loa, manaʻo ʻia ʻo Sao 3 ka mea hou loa a ua hoʻopuka ʻia he liʻiliʻi, inā loaʻa, nā mea nui.
ʻOiai ua nui nā mea i ʻike mua ʻia i nā kiʻi kiʻi a me nā kiʻi kiʻi Sao, aia nō ka nele o ka ʻike e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o kēia moʻomeheu kahiko paʻakikī.
