Kabarin Senenmut wani wuri ne mai ban sha'awa na tarihi a tsohuwar Masar wanda ya dauki hankalin masana ilmin kimiya na tarihi da na taurari. Kabarin (kabari na Theban mai lamba 353) yana arewa da hanyar da ta kai ga haikalin Hatshepsut a Deir el-Bahri a cikin Thebes, kuma an gina shi a zamanin Sarauniya Hatshepsut, wacce ta yi mulkin Masar daga 1478 zuwa 1458 BC. Senenmut babban jami'i ne a lokacin mulkin Hatshepsut, kuma an ce shi masanin falaki ne. An san kabarin da kyawawan rufi da bangon sa, waɗanda ke nuna al'amuran rayuwa daban-daban daga rayuwar Senenmut da nasarorin da ya samu, gami da ɗaya daga cikin fitattun taswirar tauraro.
Taswirar tauraro wata alama ce ta musamman na kabarin Senenmut, kuma an yi ta cece-kuce da tafsiri. An yi imanin taswirar ita ce mafi dadewa da za a iya gani na sararin samaniyar Masarawa, kuma tana ba da fahimi masu mahimmanci game da ilimin taurari da sararin samaniya na tsohuwar Masar. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu bincika mahallin tarihi na ilmin taurari a tsohuwar Masar, da muhimmancin taswirar tauraruwar Senenmut, da kuma gadon tsohuwar falakin Masarawa.
Halin tarihi na ilmin taurari a cikin tsohuwar Misira
Ilimin taurari ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsohuwar al'ummar Masar, kuma yana da alaƙa da addini da tatsuniyoyi. Masarawa sun yi imani cewa alloli ne ke sarrafa motsin taurari da taurari, kuma sun yi amfani da nazarin sararin samaniya don sanin lokacin da ya fi dacewa da shuka da girbin amfanin gona, da kuma gudanar da bukukuwan addini. Masarawa kuma sun ƙware wajen haɓaka kalandar, waɗanda suka dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka shafi taurari.
Sanannen bayanan ilmin taurari na farko a Masar sun samo asali ne tun zamanin Tsohuwar Mulki, kusan 2500 BC. Masarawa sun yi amfani da kayan kida masu sauƙi, irin su gnomon da merkht, don duba rana da taurari. Har ila yau, sun ƙirƙiri wani tsari na hieroglyphs don wakiltar taurari da taurari, waɗanda aka jera su rukuni bisa ga matsayinsu a sararin sama.
Muhimmancin taswirar tauraruwar Senenmut
Taswirar tauraruwar Senenmut wani abu ne na musamman kuma mai kima wanda ke ba da haske game da ilmin taurari da sararin samaniya na tsohuwar Masar. Taswirar tana kwatanta sararin samaniyar dare kamar yadda aka gani daga Thebes, kuma tana nuna decan 36, waɗanda ƙungiyoyin taurari ne waɗanda suke tashi da faɗuwa da rana cikin kwanaki 10. Masarawa sun yi amfani da decan don nuna alamar lokaci, kuma ana danganta su da alloli daban-daban da kuma almara.
An zana taswirar tauraro a saman rufin daya daga cikin dakunan da ke cikin kabarin Senenmut, kuma ita ce mafi dadewa da aka sani na sararin samaniya. Taswirar ta kasu kashi biyu ne, sararin sama na arewa a gefe daya, sama na kudu a daya bangaren. Taurari suna wakilta da ƙananan ɗigo, kuma an kwatanta taurarin a matsayin dabbobi da halittun tatsuniya.
Bangaren kudanci na rufin yana nuna taurari masu ƙazanta (kananan taurari). Akwai kuma taurari kamar Orion da Canis Major. A sararin sama, taurarin Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury, da Venus duk suna da alaƙa da su, suna tafiya cikin ƙananan jiragen ruwa a sararin sama. Yankin kudu yana nufin sa'o'in dare.
Yankin arewa (ƙananan ɓangaren) yana nuna ƙungiyar taurarin Ursa Major; sauran taurarin sun kasance ba a gano su ba. A gefen dama da hagunsa akwai dawafi 8 ko 4, kuma a karkashinsu akwai gumaka da yawa, kowanne yana dauke da faifan rana zuwa tsakiyar hoton.
Rubuce-rubucen da ke da alaƙa da da’ira suna nuna ainihin bukukuwan wata-wata a kalandar wata, alhãli kuwa alloli suna nuna farkon kwanakin watan. Bayan rufin falaki da ke cikin kabarinsa da ke Kurna, an kuma gano wasu kaburbura 150 da suka hada da zane-zane, jerin gwano, rahotanni, da lissafi.
Ƙungiyar taurarin Masarawa
Masarawa suna da nasu tsarin taurari, wanda ya dogara ne akan matsayin taurari a sararin sama. An tsara ƙungiyoyin taurarin rukuni-rukuni, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da alloli dabam-dabam da ƙididdiga na tatsuniyoyi kamar yadda aka faɗa a baya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun taurari na Masar sun hada da Orion, wanda ke hade da allahn Osiris, da kuma Big Dipper, wanda aka sani da "garma" kuma yana hade da lokacin girbi.
Masarawa ma suna da nasu zodiac, wanda ya dogara ne akan matsayin taurari a lokacin da kogin Nilu ya yi ambaliya. Zodiac ya ƙunshi alamomi guda 12, kowannensu yana da alaƙa da wata dabba dabam, kamar zaki, kunama, da hippopotamus.
Matsayin ilmin taurari a cikin al'ummar Masar ta dā
Ilimin taurari ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsohuwar al'ummar Masar, kuma yana da alaƙa da addini, tatsuniyoyi, da noma. Masarawa sun yi amfani da nazarin sararin samaniya don haɓaka kalanda, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don sanin lokacin da ya fi dacewa don shuka da girbin amfanin gona. Har ila yau, sun yi amfani da ilimin taurari don nuna shuɗewar zamani da gudanar da bukukuwan addini.
Ilimin taurari kuma wani muhimmin al'amari ne na al'adu da fasaha na Masar. Masarawa sun zana taurari da taurari a cikin zane-zanensu, kuma sun yi amfani da tsarin taurari a gine-gine da zane. Ilimin falaki kuma ya kasance batun tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi da dama, waɗanda ake yada su daga tsara zuwa tsara.
Kwatanta da sauran tsoffin taswirorin tauraro
Taswirar tauraruwar Senenmut ba ita ce kawai misali mai tsira na tsohuwar taswirar tauraro ba. Sauran misalan sun haɗa da taswirar taurarin Babila, waɗanda suka koma karni na biyu BC, taswirar taurarin Girka, waɗanda suka koma karni na biyar BC, Tauraruwar Sumer, wanda ya koma karni na biyar BC, da kuma palaeolithic maps, wanda ya kai shekaru 40,000. Duk da haka, taswirar tauraruwar Senenmut ta sha bamban wajen kwatanta taurarin Masarawa da alakarta da tatsuniyar Masarawa.
Fassarorin da muhawara game da taswirar tauraruwar Senenmut
Tafsirin taswirar tauraruwar Senenmut ya kasance batun muhawara a tsakanin masana. Wasu suna jayayya cewa an yi amfani da taswirar a matsayin kayan aiki mai amfani don kallon sararin samaniya, yayin da wasu ke ganin cewa farko alama ce ta sararin samaniya. Wasu masanan sun kuma ce an yi amfani da taswirar don nazarin taurari, domin Masarawa sun yi imani cewa taurari suna da tasiri sosai a harkokin ’yan Adam.
Wani yanki na muhawara shine mahimmancin decans da aka nuna akan taswira. Wasu malaman sun yi imanin cewa an yi amfani da decans a matsayin kayan aiki mai amfani don kiyaye lokaci, yayin da wasu ke jayayya cewa decans suna da ma'anar alama mai zurfi kuma suna da alaƙa da alloli daban-daban da siffofi na almara.
Wanene Senenmut?
Senenmut ɗan kowa ne wanda ke da alaƙa ta kud da kud da gidan sarautar Masar. Ƙawataccen rufin kabarin (TT 353) ya sa mu yi mamakin ko wane irin mutum ne Senenmut. Baya ga kasancewarsa mashawarcin sarki, yawancin masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa Senenmut ma masanin falaki ne. Amma wace irin dangantaka ya yi da Sarauniya Hatshepsut?
An haifi Senenmut ga masu karatu, iyayen larduna, Ramose da Hatnofer. Abin mamaki, ya sami lakabi kusan ɗari, ciki har da "Maigidan Matar Allah", "Babban Ma'ajin Sarauniya" da "Babban Wakilin 'yar Sarki." Senenmut ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara kuma abokiyar aminci ga Sarauniya Hatshepsut. Shi ne kuma mai koyar da Hatshepsut da Thutmosis II tilon ɗa, diya, Neferu-Re. A cikin sama da mutum-mutumi 20, an nuna shi yana rungume da Neferu-Re yana ƙarami.
Yawancin masanan Masarawa na farko sun kammala cewa babban jami'in gwamnati na Hatshepsut, mai aminci, Senenmut, dole ne ya kasance masoyinta. Wasu masana tarihi kuma sun nuna cewa watakila shi ne mahaifin Neferu-Re. Sai dai babu wata kwakkwarar shaida da ke nuna alakar Hatshepsut da Senenmut ta jima'i ce, wanda hakan ya sa wasu masana tarihi suka ba da shawarar cewa Senenmut ya sami irin wannan iko da tasiri domin shi ne dattijon kotun Hatshepsut.
Tarihin kabarin Senenmut yana da duhu. Har zuwa shekara ta 16 ta mulkin Hatshepsut ko Thutmosis III, Senenmut yana rike da ofisoshinsa; to, wani abu ya faru. Hannunsa sun ɓace, kuma an rufe kabarinsa da ba a gama ba (TT 353) kuma an lalata shi da wani yanki. Ba a san ainihin inda aka binne shi ba.
Gadon ilimin taurarin Masar na dā
Har ila yau ana iya ganin gadon tsohuwar falaki ta Masar a yau a fahimtarmu ta zamani game da sararin samaniya. Masarawa sun kasance ƙwararrun masu lura da sararin samaniya, kuma sun ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci don fahimtar motsin taurari da taurari. Har ila yau, sun ƙirƙira ƙayyadaddun kalandar kuma sun yi amfani da nazarin sararin samaniya don nuna alamar lokaci.
Masarawa kuma sun kasance majagaba wajen haɓaka ilimin lissafi da lissafi, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga abubuwan da suka gani a sararin samaniya. Sun yi amfani da iliminsu na lissafi da lissafi wajen samar da nagartattun kayan aiki don auna kusurwoyi da nisa, wadanda aka yi amfani da su wajen duba sararin samaniya.
Aikace-aikace na zamani na Tsohuwar Astronomy na Masar
Nazarin ilimin taurari na zamanin d Masar yana da mahimman aikace-aikace a cikin ilimin taurari da sararin samaniya na zamani. Ƙwarewar abubuwan da Masarawa suka yi na kallon sararin samaniya suna ba da haske mai mahimmanci game da motsin taurari da taurari. Hakanan an yi amfani da kalandarsu da hanyoyin kiyaye lokaci a matsayin tushen kalandar zamani.
Har ila yau, nazarin ilimin taurarin Masar na d ¯ a yana da mahimmancin al'adu da tarihi. Masarawa sun kasance jagaba wajen bunkasa ilmin taurari da ilmin lissafi, kuma nasarorin da suka samu na ci gaba da jan hankalin masana da sauran jama'a.
Kammalawa: Me ya sa taswirar tauraro da aka fi sani da al'amura
A ƙarshe, taswirar tauraro ta Senenmut wani abu ne na musamman kuma mai kima wanda ke ba da fa'ida mai mahimmanci game da ilimin taurari da sararin samaniya na tsohuwar Masar. Taswirar ita ce mafi dadewa da aka sani na hoton sararin samaniya, kuma tana nuna taurarin Masarawa da taurari, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don kiyaye lokaci da dalilai na addini.
Nazarin ilmin taurari na zamanin d Masar yana da muhimman aikace-aikace a cikin ilmin taurari da sararin samaniya na zamani, kuma yana da mahimmancin al'adu da tarihi. Masarawa sun kasance jagaba wajen bunkasa ilmin taurari da ilmin lissafi, kuma nasarorin da suka samu na ci gaba da jan hankalin masana da sauran jama'a.
Idan kuna sha'awar ƙarin koyo game da taswirar taurarin Masar na dā da taswirar Senenmut, akwai albarkatu da yawa da ake samu akan layi da a bugawa. Ta hanyar nazarin nasarorin da aka samu na tsoffin wayewa kamar Masar, za mu iya samun kyakkyawar fahimta game da matsayinmu a cikin sararin samaniya da kuma arziƙin al'adun ɗan adam.
