Hattusa, wani lokaci ana kiranta da Hattusha, birni ne mai cike da tarihi a yankin tekun Black Sea na Turkiyya, kusa da Boğazkale na zamani, a lardin Çorum. Wannan tsohon birni ne a da shi ne babban birnin daular Hittiyawa, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kasashen duniya a zamanin da.
Masarawa ya kira Hittiyawa a matsayin babban iko, tare da Assuriya, Mitani, da Babila, a cikin karni na 14 kafin haihuwar BC Amarna Haruffa, kuma ya dauke su daidai. Hattusa ne ya kirkiro Hattusa, wata ƙabila ta asali da ke zaune a yankin kafin Hittiyawa su zo. Har yanzu ba a san asalin Hittiyawa ba.
Hattusa: Farko
Hatti ya gina birni-birni mai dogaro da Hattusa a kusan karni na uku BC. Hattusa na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙananan biranen yankin a lokacin. Kanesh, wanda ke kusa da Hattusa, wani yanki ne mai yuwuwar Hatti. Ana zargin Assuriyawa sun kafa wani yanki na kasuwanci kusan shekara ta 2000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, kuma an fara gano kalmar Hattusa a cikin rubutattun rubutuna daga wannan lokacin.
Tarihin Hattusa ya ƙare a kusan 1700 BC. A cikin wannan lokacin, Anitta, sarkin Kussara, ya ci nasara sannan ya lalata garin a ƙasa (birni-gari wanda har yanzu ba a san inda yake ba). Ya kamata sarki ya bar wani rubutu da ke shelar nasarar da ya samu a kan Hattusa da la'antar ƙasar da garin ya tsaya, da duk wanda zai iya sake ginawa da gudanar da mulki a wurin. Anitta ya kasance mai mulkin Hitti ko kakan Hittiyawa daga baya.
Abin mamaki ne cewa Hattusili, wani masarautar Hitti wanda aka fi sani da 'Mutumin Kussara' ya yi mulkin Hattusa a tsakiyar karni na 17 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Hattusili na nufin "Daya daga cikin Hattusa," kuma mai yiyuwa ne wannan sarkin ya dauki wannan suna a lokacin da ya mallaki Hattusa. Saboda rashin takardu, ba a sani ba ko Anitta ya sake gina birnin bayan an lalata shi. Wannan yana haifar da batun ko Hattusili, kamar Anitta, ya yi amfani da ƙarfi don ɗaukar Hattusa ko kuma kawai ya gina kan ragowar tsohon birnin.
Tsarin Hattusa
Abin da aka fi sani shi ne, Hittiyawa sun shahara a yankin, sun kafa daula da kafa Hattusa a matsayin mazauninsu na masarauta. An gina manyan gine -gine a Hattusa a wannan lokacin, wanda har yanzu ana iya ganin rugujewar sa. Misali, an gano cewa wani babban katanga ne ke gadinsa fiye da tsawon kilomita 8 (mil 4.97). Bugu da ƙari, babban birni an kiyaye shi ta bango mai ninki biyu tare da kusan hasumiya ɗari.
Wannan bango yana da ƙofofi guda biyar, ciki har da sanannen Kofar Zaki da ta Sphinx ta Kofa. Hattusa ya kuma ba da ɗimbin gidajen ibada ban da waɗannan gine -ginen masu tsaro. Babban Haikali, wanda ke cikin ƙaramin birni kuma tun daga karni na 13 BC, shine mafi kyawun kiyaye su.
Har ila yau, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano wani rami mai shekaru 2,300 a cikin Hattusa a shekarar 2016. A cewar masu binciken, “A baya, an gano kwamfutar cuneiform a nan, tare da wani sarki yana koya wa firistoci abin da za su yi a lokacin bukukuwan. Wannan a ɓoye rami wataƙila yana da manufa mai tsarki. ”
Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa a cikin Hattusa shine babban dutsen koren enigmatic wanda mazauna yankin suka sani da “dutse na so”. Babban dutsen ana zaton maciji ne ko nephrite, wanda ke nufin ba dutse bane gama gari a yankin. Babu wanda ya san ainihin abin da aka yi amfani da dutsen da shi.
Faduwar Hattusa
Faduwar Daular Hittiya ta fara ne a tsakiyar karni na 13 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, saboda galibin fitowar makwabtanta na gabas, Assuriyawa. Bugu da ƙari, mamayewar ƙungiyoyin abokan gaba kamar su Tekun Peoples kuma Kaska ta lalata Daular Hitti, a ƙarshe ta kai ga rasuwarsa a farkon ƙarni na 12 BC. 'Yan Kaska sun' kama Hattusa 'a shekara ta 1190 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, sannan aka sace shi aka kona shi.
An yi watsi da Hattusa na tsawon shekaru 400 kafin Phrygians su sake tsugunar da su. Shafin ya kasance gari a lokacin ƙarni na Hellenistic, Roman, da Byzantine, duk da cewa kwanakin zinare sun daɗe.
A halin yanzu, Hittiyawa sun lalace kuma a ƙarshe ɓace, ban da mentan ambato cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki da wasu Bayanan Masar. Jama'ar zamani sun sake gano Hittiyawa da garinsu, Hattusa, a cikin ƙarni na goma sha tara, lokacin da aka fara tono ƙasa a Boğazkale.
