Idan ya zo ga halittun da suka yi tarayya da mu tsawon shekaru dubu, wannan ƙaramar tsutsa mai yiwuwa shaidan ce da ba ku sani ba. A cikin 2008, masu bincike daga jami'o'in Ghent (Belgium) da Princeton (Ingila) suna binciken kasancewar al'ummomin kwayoyin cuta a cikin ma'adinan zinare na Afirka ta Kudu lokacin da suka gano wani abu gaba daya ba zato ba tsammani.
Mai zurfin kilomita da rabi, inda kawai aka yi imani da rayuwa na kwayoyin halitta masu halitta, hadaddun halittu sun bayyana wadanda suka kira su daidai. "Tsutsa ta shaidan" (masana kimiyya sun yi masa lakabi "Halicephalobus Mephisto", don girmama Mephistopheles, aljani na karkashin kasa daga tsohuwar almara na Jamus Faust). Masana kimiyya sun yi mamaki. Wannan ƙaramin nematode mai tsayin rabin millimeter yana jure yanayin zafi sama da 40ºC, ƙarancin iskar oxygen da yawan methane. Lalle ne, yana zaune a cikin jahannama kuma ba ze damu ba.
Shekaru goma kenan da suka gabata. Yanzu, masu binciken Jami’ar Amurka sun jera kwayoyin halittar wannan tsutsa ta musamman. Sakamakon, wanda aka buga a mujallar “Sadarwar Yanayi”, sun ba da alamu game da yadda jikin ku ya dace da waɗannan mummunan yanayin muhalli. Bugu da kari, a cewar marubutan, wannan ilimin na iya taimakawa mutane su saba da yanayin zafi a nan gaba.
Tsutsar shaidan ita ce mafi zurfin dabba mai rai da aka taɓa samu kuma ƙarƙashin ƙasa na farko da aka tsara jerin kwayoyin halitta. Wannan "Barcode" Ya bayyana yadda dabbar ke sanya adadi mai yawa na sunadarai masu firgitarwa da aka sani da Hsp70, wanda abin mamaki ne saboda yawancin nau'ikan nematode waɗanda aka jera kwayoyin halittar su ba sa bayyana irin wannan adadi mai yawa. Hsp70 gene ne da aka yi nazari sosai wanda ke wanzuwa cikin kowane nau'in rayuwa kuma yana dawo da lafiyar salula saboda lalacewar zafi.
Kwafin Gene
Yawancin kwayoyin halittar Hsp70 a cikin kwayar halittar tsutsa ta shaidan kwafin kansu ne. Kwayar halittar kuma tana da ƙarin kwafin kwayoyin halittar AIG1, sanannun kwayoyin halittar rayuwa cikin tsirrai da dabbobi. Za a buƙaci ƙarin bincike, amma John Bracht, mataimakiyar farfesa kan ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Amurka wanda ya jagoranci aikin tsara jerin kwayoyin halittar, ya yi imanin cewa kasancewar kwafin ƙwayoyin halittar yana nuna karbuwa ta juyin halitta na tsutsa.
“Tsutsar Shedan ba za ta iya guduwa ba; yana karkashin kasa, ” Bracht yayi bayani a cikin sanarwar manema labarai. "Ba shi da wani zaɓi face daidaitawa ko mutuwa. Muna ba da shawara cewa lokacin da dabba ba zai iya tserewa daga tsananin zafin ba, zai fara yin ƙarin kwafin waɗannan kwayoyin halittu guda biyu don tsira. ”
Ta hanyar bincika wasu kwayoyin halitta, Bracht ya gano wasu lokuta inda aka fadada iyalai guda biyu, Hsp70 da AIG1. Dabbobin da ya gano sune bivalves, ƙungiyar molluscs waɗanda suka haɗa da tsutsa, kawa, da mussels. An daidaita su don zafi kamar tsutsa na shaidan. Wannan yana nuna cewa tsarin da aka gano a cikin halittar Afirka ta Kudu na iya fadada zuwa ga sauran kwayoyin da ba za su iya tserewa zafin muhalli ba.
Haɗin waje
Kusan shekaru goma da suka wuce, ba a san tsutsar shaidan ba. Yanzu batun batun karatu ne a dakunan binciken kimiyya, gami da Bracht's. Lokacin da Bracht ya kai shi kwaleji, ya tuna yana gaya wa ɗalibansa cewa baƙi sun sauka. Misalin ba ƙari ba ne. NASA tana tallafawa binciken tsutsa don ta iya koya wa masana kimiyya game da neman rayuwa bayan Duniya.
“Wani sashi na wannan aikin ya ƙunshi neman 'biosignatures': tsayayyun waƙoƙin sunadarai waɗanda rayayyun halittu suka bari. Muna mai da hankali kan siginar halittar halittu na rayuwa, DNA na halitta, wanda aka samo daga dabbar da ta taɓa dacewa da yanayin da ake ganin ba zai iya rayuwa ba don rayuwa mai rikitarwa: ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai zurfi, ” in ji Bracht. "Aiki ne da zai iya tunzura mu mu fadada neman rayuwar duniya zuwa zurfin karkashin kasa na '' da ba za a iya rayuwa '' ba." ya kara da cewa.
