James Marion Sims - Mutumin kimiyya mai yawan jayayya, tunda duk da cewa ya kasance fitacce a fagen magani kuma mafi daidai a cikin ilimin likitan mata, ga mutane da yawa shi ma ɗan iska ne na gaske saboda mummunan gwaji da rashin da'a da ya yi da 'yan mata bayi.
An ce a ƙarshen shekarun 1850, J. Marion Sims ya sayi barorin mata baƙar fata kuma ya yi amfani da su a matsayin aladun guiwa don gwajin tiyata da bai gwada ba. Ya sha yin tiyatar al'aura akan mata baƙar fata ba tare da Anesthesia ba saboda a cewarsa, "Baƙar fata ba sa jin zafi." Duk da gwaje -gwajen da bai dace ba da aka yi wa matan baƙar fata, an sanya wa Sims suna "Uban Gynecology na zamani", kuma mutum -mutuminsa ya tsaya daidai da Kwalejin Magunguna ta New York har sai an cire shi a watan Afrilu 2018, bayan zanga -zangar a duk faɗin ƙasar game da mutum -mutumin mutum -mutumi.
James Marion Sims - Uban Gynecology na zamani
Likitan Amurka James Marion Sims (1813-1883), ba tare da wata shakka ba, shine babban likitan tiyata na ƙarni na 19, yana ɗaukar kansa a yau a matsayin uba kuma wanda ya kafa likitan mata na zamani. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, ya haɓaka aikin farko na daidaitacce kuma mai nasara ga vesico-vaginal fistula, mummunan rikitarwa na likita kai tsaye da ke da alaƙa da haihuwa, wanda aka haɓaka tsakanin mafitsara da farji wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaiton fitsari na yau da kullun.
Don haka Marion Sims ta sami nasarar magance matsalar likita wacce ta shafi miliyoyin mata a cikin tarihi, abin da likitoci da yawa suka bincika kuma suka nema ba tare da nasara ba har zuwa lokacin. An yabe shi kuma an yaba shi a matsayin gwarzo cikin sharuddan tiyata, martabar Sims ba ta rushe ba har ma a cikin wannan ƙarni, lokacin da sifofi da hanyoyin da likitan tiyata ya yi amfani da su don haɓaka ci gabansa ya zama sananne, kasancewar rashin ɗabi'a ya kai masa hari. na hanyoyinsa.
Aikin J. Marion Sims ya Kafu sosai a Kasuwancin Bawa
An haife shi a gundumar Lancaster, South Carolina a 1813, James Marion Sims ya shiga aikin likitanci lokacin da likitoci ba su yi irin wannan aikin ba da horo da horo da suke yi a yau. Bayan yin horo tare da likita, ɗaukar kwas ɗin watanni uku da karatu na shekara guda a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jefferson, Sims ya fara aikin sa a Lancaster. Daga baya ya koma Montgomery, Alabama, yana neman sabon farawa bayan mutuwar majinyata biyu na farko.
A cikin Montgomery ne Marion Sims ya gina martabarsa a tsakanin masu arziki, fararen shuke -shuke ta hanyar kula da kadarorin ɗan adam. Tsakanin 1845 zuwa 1849, ya yi tiyata daban -daban na gwaji kan barorin Ba'amurke 'yan Afirka wanda ya kai su ga wahala mai yawa. A takaice dai, aikin Sims ya kafu sosai a cikin cinikin bayi.
Sims ya gina asibitin mutane takwas a tsakiyar gundumar ciniki a Montgomery. Yayin da yawancin kiwon lafiya ya gudana a kan shuke -shuken, an kawo wasu lamuran masu taurin kai ga likitoci kamar Sims waɗanda suka kulla bautar da ma'aikata don su iya samarwa - da sake haifuwa - don maigidan su. In ba haka ba, sun kasance marasa amfani ga masu su.
Ta Yaya Sims Ya Shiga A Wannan Filin?
Kamar yawancin likitocin a ƙarni na 19, Sims da farko ba ta da sha'awar kula da marasa lafiyar mata - kuma babu takamaiman horo na mata. Tabbas, yin la'akari da kula da gabobin mata an ɗauke shi a matsayin abin ƙyama kuma mara daɗi. Amma sha’awarsa ta kula da mata ta canza lokacin da aka nemi ya taimaka wa wani mara lafiya wanda ya fado daga kan doki kuma yana fama da ciwon baya da ciwon baya.
Don magance raunin wannan matar, Sims ya fahimci yana buƙatar duba kai tsaye cikin farjinta. Ya dora ta a kan duk hudu, ya jingina gaba, sannan ya yi amfani da yatsun hannunsa don taimaka masa ganin cikin. Wannan binciken ya taimaka masa wajen haɓaka ƙaddarar ƙirar zamani: lanƙwasa hannun cokali na pewter.
Daga gwajin sa, Sims zai iya ganin cewa mai haƙuri yana da ciwon yoyon fitsari. Ba tare da sanannun maganin cutar ba, Sims ya fara gwaji a cikin 1845 tare da hanyoyin tiyata don magance irin wannan yoyon fitsari. Idan iyayen majiyyata sun ba da sutura da biyan haraji, Sims da gaske ya mallaki matan har sai an gama maganin su.
Likitocin Gwajin Sims sunfi Rashin Da'a da Zalunci
An yi aikin tiyata na Sims ba tare da maganin sa barci ba, ba wai kawai saboda a lokacin ana amfani da amfani da magani ne kawai ba, amma saboda Sims da kansa ya yi jayayya cewa zafin bai isa ba da girman cewa yin amfani da maganin rigakafi ya zama dole, wani abu da mata ba su yi ba. yarda a ƙalla, kodayake ba shakka, ba a kuma ji su ba. Yayin da a cewar wasu, Sims da kansa ya yi imanin cewa "Baƙar fata mata ba sa jin zafi."
A cikin shekaru huɗu, Sims yayi gwaji da ɗimbin bayi mata a tsohuwar asibitin da ke Montgomery, a sakamakon haka, ba za a iya lissafta irin barnar da ya yi wa waɗanda abin ya shafa ba. Wasu daga cikinsu sun sami tiyata akai-akai, kamar sanannen shari'ar wani bawa mai suna Anarcha Westcott, wanda ya sha wahala daga ko dai vesico-vaginal ko matsalar recto-vaginal fistula kuma ya sami tiyata 30 daga Sims kafin ya sami damar yin , rufe ramukan dake tsakanin mafitsara da dubura.
Wani majinyacin Sims da aka yiwa tiyata shine Lucy 'yar shekara 18, wacce ta haihu' yan watanni kaɗan kafin haka kuma ba ta iya sarrafa mafitsara tun lokacin. A lokacin aikin, marasa lafiya sun kasance tsirara gaba ɗaya kuma sun nemi su durƙusa a gwiwoyin su kuma su durƙusa a gaban gwiwar su don haka kawunan su su ɗora a hannun su. Lucy ta jure tiyata na tsawon awa guda, ta yi kururuwa da kuka cikin zafi, yayin da wasu likitoci kusan goma sha biyu ke kallo.
Kamar yadda Sims daga baya ya rubuta a tarihin rayuwarsa, Labarin Rayuwata, "Azabar Lucy ta wuce kima." Ta kamu da rashin lafiya sosai saboda yadda ya yi amfani da soso don fitar da fitsari daga mafitsara, wanda hakan ya sa ta kamu da cutar guba. "Ina tsammanin za ta mutu… ya ɗauki Lucy watanni biyu ko uku kafin ta murmure gaba ɗaya daga sakamakon aikin," ya rubuta.
A yau an san cewa babu wani aikin tiyata da James Marion Sims ya yi na yarda da juna, an ɗaure mata hannu da karfi kuma an tilasta musu yin gwajin gwaji na Sims.
Wani bawan da bai yi sa'a ba shine Betsy wanda shi ma ya shiga irin ƙaddarar da Anarcha da Lucy suka shiga. Don a ce, Lucy, Anarcha da Betsy sune “Uwayen Gynecology na zamani” a lokacin gudummawa.
Gwaji Akan Yara Masu Bauta
Marubuci kuma masanin ilimin likitanci Harriet Washington ta ce imanin Sims na wariyar launin fata ya shafi gwaje -gwajen mata na mata. Kafin da bayan gwaje -gwajensa na mata, ya kuma gwada magungunan tiyata a kan baƙar fata baƙar fata a ƙoƙarin kula da “trismus nascentium” (neonatal tetanus) - ba tare da samun nasara ba. Sims ya kuma yi imanin cewa Ba'amurke 'yan Afirka ba su da hankali fiye da fararen fata, kuma yana tsammanin hakan ne saboda kokon kan su ya yi girma da sauri a kusa da kwakwalwar su. Zai yi wa yara 'yan Afirka Ba'amurke aiki ta hanyar amfani da kayan ƙera takalmi don tsinke ƙasusuwansu da sassauta kwanyarsu.
Kammalawa
Tarihin sanyi na likitan mata na zamani da yadda J. Marion Sims ya yi gwaji tare da yin tiyata ta farji ba tare da anesthesia a kan barorin Baƙi ba ya kasance abin tattaunawa har zuwa yau. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, mata da maza da yawa sun yi zanga -zangar nuna adawa da mutum -mutumin J. Marion Sims a tsakiyar gandun dajin New York, don nuna rashin amincewa da cin zarafinsa da neman cire shi. An cire mutum-mutumin a watan Afrilu na 2018, kuma an sake mayar da shi makabartar Green-Wood da ke Brooklyn, New York, inda aka binne Sims. Amma tambayar wacce har yanzu tana cikin zurfin tunani: "Shin wannan shine gaskiyar cewa ba tare da zalunci ba, babu ci gaba a kimiyya ??"
