A shekara ta 2008, an fassara wani alluran yumbu mai cuneiform - wanda ya daure wa masana sama da shekaru 150 mamaki a karon farko. A yanzu an san kwamfutar hannu a matsayin abin lura na Sumerian na zamani na tasirin asteroid a Köfels, Austria. Amma babu wani rami a cikin yankin Köfels, don haka ga idanu na zamani bai yi kama da tasirin tasirin da ya kamata ya yi kama ba, kuma taron Köfels ya kasance mai hasashe har yau. Saboda haka, tabbataccen shaida a cikin allunan laka na cuneiform da ya rikitar da masu binciken farko sun kasance a ɓoye!
Sumerian Planisphere - Taswirar Tauraro da aka manta
A ƙarshen karni na 19, an gano wani allo mai ban mamaki da'irar dutse da aka yi da dutse daga ɗakin karatu na karkashin kasa na Sarki Ashurbanipal a Nineveh, Iraki, ta Henry Layard na 650 BC. An dade ana tunanin cewa kwamfutar hannu ce ta Assuriya, binciken kwamfuta ya yi daidai da shi da sararin sama sama da Mesopotamiya a cikin 3,300 BC kuma ya tabbatar da cewa ya fi tsohuwar asalin Sumerian.
Sama da shekaru 150 masana kimiyya sun yi ƙoƙarin warware asirin wannan allunan laka mai cike da cece-kuce da ke nuna abin da ake kira tasirin Köfel da Sumerians suka lura da shi a zamanin da. Wani lamari mai ban al'ajabi ne inda jirgin saman fasinja mai tsayin kilomita ya fado cikin tsaunukan Alps da ke kusa da Köfels na kasar Ostiriya sama da shekaru 5,600 da suka gabata.
Kwamfutar ita ce “Astrolabe,” sanannen kayan aikin astronomical. Ya ƙunshi ginshiƙi tauraro mai siffa-diski mai fa'ida tare da alamomin ma'aunin kusurwa da aka rubuta akan bakin. Abin baƙin cikin shine, ɓangarori da yawa (kusan 40%) na planisphere akan wannan kwamfutar hannu sun ɓace, lalacewar da ta faru tun lokacin da aka kori Nineveh. Ba a rubuta baya na kwamfutar ba.
Tsohuwar wayewar Sumerian wataƙila ba ta bunƙasa a cikin ma'anar rubutun da aka rubuta, alal misali, amma tabbas sun fahimci ilimin taurari da sararin dare har zuwa wani matsayi. Kuma wannan a bayyane yake daga wannan Taswirar Tauraruwar Sumerian mai shekaru 5600.
Har yanzu a ƙarƙashin binciken masana na zamani, kwamfutar hannu ta cuneiform a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya No K8538 - wanda aka sani da "Planisphere" - yana ba da tabbaci mai ban mamaki game da wanzuwar ilimin taurari na Sumer.
Abubuwa 10 masu ban sha'awa game da Sumerian Planisphere
Kodayake an gano shi sama da shekaru 150 da suka gabata, an fassara fassarar Sumerian Planisphere shekaru goma da suka gabata, yana bayyana mafi tsufa rubutaccen lura da wani abu na duniya wanda ya fito daga sararin samaniya kuma ya sauka a saman duniya - tauraruwar tauraro. Anan, a cikin wannan labarin, wasu mahimman bayanai ne game da wannan tsohuwar Taswirar Tauraron Sumerian.
1 | Ainihin ranar tasirin tauraruwar tauraro
Rubutun kwamfutar hannu suna ba da takamaiman kwanan wata da lokaci don tasirin meteor akan Duniya: Yuni 29, 3123 BC, bisa ga rubuce -rubucen.
2 | Rushewar Gidan Labarai na Sarki Ashurbanipal ya ƙunshi ƙarin allunan 20,000 ciki har da Sumerian Planisphere
Fiye da allunan kayan tarihi 20,000 ne masu binciken kayan tarihi suka hako sa’ad da suke hako tsohon wurin birnin Nineba, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa ana kammala shi. "Planisphere", wanda shine wanda muke magana akai a yau, an yi imanin shine mafi wuyar fassara. Abin farin ciki, bayan shekaru 150, an fassara sauran rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya bayyana tarin bayanai da ba a san su ba.
3 | Planisphere ainihin kwafin na asali ne
Masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa Planisphere wani kwafi ne na tsohuwar kwamfutar hannu ta asali wanda masanin falaki kuma mai lura da ainihin abin ya faru a rayuwarsa.
4 | Silsilar hoto takwas tana nuna dukkan taron, tun daga bayyanar tauraruwar wutsiya har zuwa tasirinsa
Duk da girmansa (kimanin santimita 14 a diamita), kwamfutar Taswirar Tauraruwar Sumerian da ƙware tana kwatanta yadda abubuwan ke faruwa ta hanyar rarraba shi zuwa guda takwas ko hotuna. Kimanin rabin rubuce-rubucen an lalata su na tsawon lokaci, amma ana iya fassara sassan da suka rage ta amfani da fasahar zamani. Duk da girman girmansa da samansa, mahaliccin kwamfutar ya sami damar isar da bayanai masu ban mamaki game da abin lura da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi.
5 | Akwai misalai na taurari da sunayensu masu dacewa akan Taswirar Taurarin Sumerian
Duk yadda muke tunanin magabatan mu na da ba su ci gaba ba, amma gaskiyar ita ce suna da kyakkyawar fahimtar sararin sama da taurari fiye da tunanin mu. Akwai zane-zane na taurari a kan Planisphere, tare da sunayensu da kuma inda suke dangane da hanyar tafiye-tafiyen tauraro mai wutsiya daidai. Hoto na uku, alal misali, ya nuna cewa tauraruwar wutsiya ta ratsa ta Orion a ranar 9 ga bikin.
6 | Tsohuwar masanin taurari yayi amfani da ingantattun ma'aunin trigonometric
Tsohon masanin falaki yana da kyakkyawar fahimtar trigonometry kuma ya iya yin rikodin hanyar jirgin tauraro mai wutsiya, lokacin isowa, da nisa da ya yi tun lokacin da ya fara bayyana a sararin sama.
7 | Hotunan farko guda biyar sun bayyana kwanaki 20 na kiyaye sararin samaniya
An riga an ambata cewa kwamfutar hannu ta kasu kashi takwas ko hotuna, wanda aka nuna a cikin tsari. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa bayanan da aka gabatar cikin wannan tsari, daga farko zuwa na biyar, sun ƙunshi abubuwan lura tun daga farkon ganin taurari har zuwa ƙarshen ranar 20 kafin tasirin ranar ashirin da ɗaya. Don haka, ana nuna tauraruwar tauraro a cikin waɗannan hotunan biyar yayin da ake iya ganin sa a sama.
8 | Hotuna na shida da na bakwai sun bayyana tasirin da sakamakonsa
Kodayake mai lura bai shaida tasirin daga nesa ba tunda hakan na nufin ƙarshen rayuwarsa, amma ya bayyana hasken walƙiya a sararin sama da kuma yawan haɓakar toka sakamakon hatsarin, wanda aka yi rikodin akan kwamfutar hannu. A taƙaice, hoton na bakwai yana ɗaukar cikakken abubuwan da suka faru a cikin dare bayan faɗuwar meteor. Bayan sararin sama, ja ash mai ƙyalƙyali ƙura da ginshiƙan ƙura suna tashi zuwa saman ruwa, ana iya gani cikin duhu.
9 | Hoto na takwas, wanda shine harbin karshe, ya hada da lissafin hanyar tafiya ta tauraron dan adam
Dadadden masanin falaki bai kammala dubansa ba sai da ya yi kiyasin kiyasin hanyar tafiya ta tauraron dan adam kafin ta yi karo da Duniya. Ya kasance a ranar 21st na kallo bayan haka an halicci hoto na takwas bayan tasirin. Akwai abubuwa hudu da aka lura da su game da jirgin da tauraron dan adam mai tauraron dan adam ya dauka da rana kafin faduwar tasirin da aka nuna a wannan hoton. Abin sha'awa shine, dukkanin jerin bayanan da aka rubuta akan kwamfutar hannu sun fi ban mamaki, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da cewa an yi duk tarin abubuwan lura fiye da shekaru 5,200 da suka wuce.
10 | Tauraro mai wutsiya da aka kwatanta akan Taswirar Tauraron Sumerian mai yiwuwa ya kawo ƙarshen wayewa da yawa
Meteors ne ke da alhakin bacewar rayuwa a duniya a lokuta da dama a cikin tarihi, kuma masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa watakila wannan tauraron dan adam ya yi tasiri sosai ga rayuwa a zamanin da. Musamman musamman, tsohon garin Akkad, wanda masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi ba su iya gano shi ba, na iya lalacewa ta hanyar tasirin tauraro mai wutsiya. Ko da yake har yanzu ba a san ainihin wurin da wannan birni na tarihi ya kasance ba, amma, yana yiwuwa an lalata shi saboda yana kusa da yankin da abin ya shafa. Tauraruwar wutsiya ta goge komai.
Shin kwamfutar hannu K8535 zai iya zama amsar wata katuwar zabtarewar ƙasa a Köfels?
Girman zaftarewar da ke tsakiyar Köfels a Ostiriya yana da kauri mita 500 da nisan kilomita biyar kuma ya kasance abin ban mamaki tun lokacin da masanan ilmin ƙasa suka fara duba shi a ƙarshen karni na 19. Ƙarshen binciken da aka ɗauka a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 shine cewa dole ne ya kasance saboda babban tasirin meteor saboda shaidar murkushe matsin lamba da fashewar abubuwa.
Amma wannan ra'ayi ya rasa tagomashi a matsayin mafi kyawun fahimtar rukunin tasirin da aka haɓaka a ƙarshen karni na 20. Koyaya, takamaiman shaidar da aka rubuta akan kwamfutar Sumerian Planisphere K8535 tana dawo da ka'idar tasiri cikin wasa. Shin ba haka bane?
Kammalawa
Kwamfutar K8535 ita ce kwafin Babila na farkon kwamfutar Sumerian astronomical tablet. Takardar asali, wacce ake ɗauka mafi girman mahimmanci, an kwafi ta fiye da shekaru 2,500.
Tauraron taurarin da aka lura da shi ya wuce Pleiades, Aldebaran, ya ci gaba zuwa Orion kuma a ƙarshe ya fado a cikin ci gaban Akkad da Sumer na aikin gona mai ban ruwa, a cikin 3123 kafin haihuwar Yesu, ya lalata dukan daular Akkadian da babban birnin Agade.
Game da 40% na kwamfutar hannu ya ɓace. An yi sa’a, an kiyaye dukkan hanyar tashi mai wutsiya ta tauraro mai wutsiya. Bangarorin da aka rushe galibi suna magana ne kan abubuwan da suka shafi tasirin da kanta da kuma tasirin tasirin nan da nan, yin rikodin abin da za a iya gani daga hasumiyar lura, tana kallon wurin da hadarin ya faru. Bayanin isasshen bayani ne don sake gina cikakken ci gaban tauraruwar tauraro da jerin ayyukan tasiri.
Dole ne a yi la'akari da asusun shaida na K8538 a zaman wani ɓangare na adadi mai yawa na '' makokin birnin Mesopotamiya '', waɗanda ke ba da rahoton ƙarshen Akkad da Sumer ta babban guguwa.
An maimaita waɗannan makoki a kan mataki a bainar jama'a sama da shekaru dubbai, tare da bango na ganga. Salon kukan su na waƙoƙi ya ɓatar da masana kimiyyar zamani daban -daban don yin hasashen cewa waɗancan takaddun ba komai bane illa nishaɗi na almara da almara, kuma ba a taɓa samun guguwa mai ɓarna a Sumer ba, tare da yin watsi da lura da ɗaruruwan shaidun tarihi.
Kwamfutar lura K8538 an yi ta ne ta wani sanannen masanin taurarin Sumerian, wanda ya fahimci mahimmancin tarihin abin da ya faru a hasumiyar hasumiyar taurarinsa kuma ya yanke shawarar rubuta shi. Marubutan Bond da Hempsell sun ba shi suna "Lugalansheigibar - babban mutumin da ya kalli sararin sama."
Abubuwan da ya gani na trigonometric sun shaida kusancin tauraruwar tauraro da tasirinsa na ƙasa. A saboda wannan dalili, an kiyaye K8538, an maido da shi kuma an kwafa sama da shekaru dubu. Kwamfutar hannu tana nuna babban matakin kimiyya da ilimin taurari wanda ya kai shekaru dubu huɗu da suka gabata.
A yau, ainihin ƙimar K8538 ba ta iyakance ga tarihi kawai ba. Hakanan yana da matukar ƙima ga yau da kuma makomar ɗan adam kuma, domin yana riƙe da shi na musamman kuma daidaitaccen abin lura da bala'i na sararin samaniya, yana tasiri a Duniya.
